TABLE 4.

Multiple regression coefficients and significance of predictors for speaking English proficiency (phase 1).

		FLCAS	FLCAS4
Speaking: FLCAS as independent variables	β	–0.806	0.307
	t	–11.43**	4.36**
	p	0.000	0.000
	VIF	2.09	2.09
	Cohen’s f2	0.12	0.045
		FLCAS	FLCAS4	FLLAS	FLLAS4
Speaking: FLCAS and FLLAS as independent variables	β	–0.557	0.341	–0.388	0.132
	t	–6.11**	4.81**	–4.23**	2.36*
	p	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.019
	VIF	3.72	2.25	3.768	1.392
	Cohen’s f2	0.12	0.045	0.029	0.012
		Confidence in using English	FLLAS	Efforts to learn English	FLLAS4	FLCAS4	FLCAS1
Speaking: All variables as independent variables	β	0.452	–0.312	0.137	0.122	0.164	–0.152
	t	7.23**	–4.24**	2.83**	2.59**	2.88**	–2.20*
	p	0.000	0.000	0.005	0.01	0.004	0.029
	VIF	2.43	3.369	1.459	1.373	2.015	2.95
	Cohen’s f2	0.27	0.026	0.013	0.014	0.009	0.008

**p ≤ 0.01; *p ≤ 0.05. Effect size of Cohen’s f²: small = f² ≤ 0.02; medium = f² = 0.15; large = f² ≥ 0.35 (Cohen, 1988).