TABLE 7.

Multiple regression coefficients and significance of predictors for listening English proficiency (phase 2).

		FLLAS2	FLLAS3
Listening: FLLAS as independent variables	β	–0.483	–0.147
	t	–6.61**	–2.004*
	p	0.000	0.047
	VIF	1.437	1.437
	Cohen’s f2	0.101	0.015
		FLLAS2	FLCAS3
Listening: FLLAS and FLCAS as independent variables	β	–0.441	–0.212
	t	–5.95**	–2.85**
	p	0.000	0.005
	VIF	1.510	1.510
	Cohen’s f2	0.101	0.030
		FLLAS2	Motivation to learn English	Interaction with peers	FLCAS3
Listening: All variables as independent variables	β	–0.259	0.275	0.190	–0.192
	t	–3.46**	4.36**	3.12**	–2.81**
	p	0.001	0.000	0.002	0.006
	VIF	1.823	1.288	1.199	1.515
	Cohen’s f2	0.101	0.078	0.033	0.024

**p ≤ 0.01; *p ≤ 0.05. Effect size of Cohen’s f²: small = f² ≤ 0.02; medium = f² = 0.15; large = f² ≥ 0.35 (Cohen, 1988).