Table 3.
Characteristics of mindfulness-based interventions
| Author, year | Mindfulness-based intervention | Guided by theory? | Intervention dose (hours) | Retreat | Assigned home practice | Mindfulness interventionist | Fidelity monitoring | Refusal rate | Retention rate (post-intervention) | Retention rate (follow-up) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blaes, 2016 | MBCR | No | 28 | 8-hour retreat | 45 min./day, 7 days/week | MBSR-certified faculty with extensive MBCR training from Dr. Linda Carlson | NR | NR | 82.93% | 85.37% |
| Bower, 2015 | MAPs | No | 12 | NA | 5–20 min./day, 7 days/week | NR | NR | 45.70% | 92.86% | 84.29% |
| Bruggeman-Everts, 2017 | Web-based eMBCT | No | 36 | NA | NR | Psychologists (provided guidance remotely) | NR | 26.39% | 83.23% | 84.43% |
| Carlson, 2016 | MBCR | No | 18 | 6-hour retreat | NR | NR | NR | 15.90% | 65.48% | 51.59% |
| Cheng, 2019 | Unspecified Mindfulness interv. | No | 24 | NA | NR | Rehabilitation counselor | NR | NR | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Dodds, 2015 | CBCT | No | 16 + Booster 1 mo. post-interv. | NA | 30 min./day, 3 days/week | CBCT-certified clinically-trained PhD social work researcher | 50% of class videos reviewed by CBCT supervisor; fidelity outcomes NR | 24.38% | 100.00% | 78.57% |
| Hoffman, 2012 | Original MBSR | No | 22.5 | 6-hour retreat | 40–45 min./day, 6–7 days/week | MBSR-certified clinician/researcher | NR | 17.29% | 96.26% | 92.06% |
| Jang, 2016 | Adapted MBAT | No | 9 | NA | NR | Doctoral-level therapist with degree in expressive arts therapy and >10 year’s experience in mental health medicine | NR | 10.00% | 95.83% | NA |
| Johns, 2015 | Adapted MBSR | No | 14 | NA | 20 min./day, 6 days/week | MBSR instructor with 6 years of MBSR teaching experience | NR | 30.19% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Johns, 2016 | Adapted MBSR | No | 16 | NA | NR | MBSR-trained physician and a doctoral-level clinical health psychologist with 9 and 3 years of MBSR teaching experience, respectively | 25% of audio-recorded sessions randomly reviewed; fidelity ratings were 85.1% for MBSR and 95.8% for PES | 33.04% | 97.18% | 95.77% |
| Kenne Sarenmalm, 2017 | Adapted MBSR | No | 16 | NA | 20 min./day, 6 days/week | MBSR-certified instructor | NR | NR | 93.79% | NA |
| Lengacher, 2009 | Adapted MBSR(BC) | No | 12 | NA | 15–45 min./day, 6 days/week | MBSR-certified psychologist | Independent assessor monitoring session consistency, quality, and timing of activities; fidelity outcomes NR | 54.50% | 97.62% | NA |
| Lengacher, 2012 | Adapted MBSR(BC) | No | 12 | NA | NR | MBSR-trained licensed clinical psychologist | NR | 54.50% | 97.62% | NA |
| Lengacher, 2016 | Adapted MBSR(BC) | No | 12 | NA | 15–45 min./day, 7 days/week | MBSR-trained clinical psychologist | Adherence to protocol evaluated using structured observational method; fidelity outcomes NR | 80.45% | 92.86% | 92.86% |
| Liu, 2019 | Adapted MBSR | No | 20 | NA | NR | MBSR-qualified psychologist | NR | NR | 90.83% | 85.00% |
| Monti, 2006 | Original MBAT | Yes; Self-regulation theory; Chapman’s neurodeve-lopmental approach to art therapy | 20 | NA | 30 min./day, 6 days/week | MBSR-certified, Master’s-level registered art therapist | NR | NR | 83.78% | NA |
| Monti, 2013 | Original MBAT | No | 20 | NA | NR | MBSR-certified mental health therapists | Psychiatrist co-investigator randomly performed fidelity checks | 3.46% | 76.96% | NR |
| Rahmani, 2014 | Adapted MBSR | No | 16 | NA | NR | MBSR-certified master clinical psychologists | NR | NR | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Rahmani, 2015 | Adapted MBSR | No | 16 | NA | NR | Master clinical psychologists | NR | NR | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| Speca, 2000 | Adapted MBSR | No | 10.5 | NA | NR | NR | NR | NR | 82.57% | NA |
| van der Lee, 2012 | MBCT | No | 26 + 2.5-hour booster 2 mos. post-interv. | 6-hour retreat | 45 min./day, 6 days/week | MBSR-trained therapists with 16 and 8 years of MBCT teaching experience, respectively | NR | 23.66% | 89.00% | 81.00% |
| Witek-Janusek, 2019 | Original MBSR | No | 26 | 6-hour retreat | NR | MBSR-certified licensed clinical psychologist | Principal investigator (a PhD nurse) reviewed audio-recorded sessions for fidelity until consistency established; research assistant attended each ACC session to monitor content consistency | 20.19% | 83.54% | 79.27% |
| Zernicke, 2014 | Online MBCR | No | 22 | 6-hour retreat | 45 min./day, 7 days/week | Masters-level licensed clinician specializing in behavioral medicine with 15 years of online MBSR teaching experience | Principal investigator monitored online classes for treatment fidelity throughout the trial according to adapted face-to-face MBCR manual | 33.89% | 91.94% | NA |
Note: ACC: Active Control Condition; BC: breast cancer; CBCT: Cognitively-Based Compassion Training; eMBCT: web-based MBCT; interv.: intervention; MAPs: Mindful Awareness Practices; MBAT: Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy; MBCR: Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery; MBCT: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy; MBSR: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction; min.: minutes; mo.: month; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; PES: Psycho-Educational Support.