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. 2021 May 31;12:650432. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650432

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Copyright © 2021 Wang, Zheng, Wang, Yang, Chen, Chen, Chi, Xia, Siddique and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Principal component analyses of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, gas exchange parameters, leaf nitrogen content, yield, and yield components of peanut in response to four biochar application rates. Means for flowering and pod set are for 2 years. F_v/F_m, maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry after dark adaptation; Φ_PSII, actual efficiency of PSII photochemistry after light adaptation; Φ_NPQ, quantum yield for energy dissipated via Δ pH and xanthophyll-regulated processes; Φ_NO, quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII; qP, photochemical quenching; NPQ, non-photochemical quenching; P_n, net photosynthetic rate; T_r, transpiration rate; G_s, stomatal conductance; L_s, stomatal limitation; WUE, water use efficiency; and LNC, leaf nitrogen content; B0, B10, B20, and B40 represent biochar application rates of 0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha⁻¹, respectively.