Table 3.
Circulating Glycemic, Inflammatory, Neurohormonal, 25‐OH‐D, and Lipid Biomarkers at Baseline and 6‐Month Follow‐Up
| Biomarker | Low‐Dose Vitamin D Group (n=144) | High‐Dose Vitamin D Group (n=145) | P Value* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Month 6 | Change | P Value † | Baseline | Month 6 | Change | P Value † | ||
| hs‐CRP, mg/L | 1.9 (0.9, 4.4) | 1.8 (0.8, 4.0) | −0.1 (−1.2, 0.8) | 0.29 | 1.2 (0.6, 3.3) | 1.4 (0.7, 3.3) | 0.02 (−0.6, 0.8) | 0.67 | 0.29 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 79 (70, 91) | 79 (69, 92) | 0.0 (−10.0, 9.5) | 0.96 | 78 (69, 89) | 80 (72, 91) | 1.0 (−10.0, 13.0) | 0.22 | 0.46 |
| Insulin, µU/mL | 10.9 (5.8, 21.6) | 9.3 (6.5, 15.9) | 0.2 (−5.5, 3.9) | 0.38 | 9.3 (5.5, 15.8) | 10.4 (6.0, 18.5) | 0.6 (−3.1, 5.2) | 0.15 | 0.10 |
| HOMA‐IR | 2.1 (1.1, 4.6) | 1.8 (1.1, 3.5) | −0.04 (−1.2, 0.9) | 0.50 | 1.7 (1.0, 3.1) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.9) | 0.09 (−0.7, 1.2) | 0.22 | 0.19 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 22.4 (9.7, 44.3) | 14.9 (8.3, 42.0) | −0.7 (−17.4, 8.7) | 0.14 | 20.5 (10.8, 40.0) | 19.4 (6.8, 36.5) | −3.5 (−15.0, 5.6) | 0.02 | 0.60 |
| Renin, pg/mL | 9.4 (4.1, 16.3) | 8.3 (5.1, 14.6) | −0.4 (−6.3, 5.0) | 0.58 | 9.1 (4.2, 14.7) | 8.8 (4.4, 15.3) | 0.0 (−3.5, 3.5) | 0.78 | 0.83 |
| Aldosterone, ng/dL | 11.0 (7.8, 13.7) | 10.6 (7.9, 14.7) | −0.4 (−3.0, 2.6) | 0.44 | 9.4 (6.5, 14.1) | 10.9 (7.3, 14.5) | 0.2 (−2.0, 3.7) | 0.25 | 0.16 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 170 (148, 195) | 169 (150, 197) | −1.0 (−14.0, 16.3) | 0.84 | 170 (152, 189) | 175 (149, 196) | 5.0 (−7.0, 18.8) | 0.01 | 0.078 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 100 (71, 148) | 98 (68, 132) | −6.5 (−29.0, 16.5) | 0.02 | 88 (68, 118) | 96 (68, 141) | 7.0 (−16.8, 31.0) | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 50 (45, 58) | 53 (47, 64) | 3.0 (−2.0, 8.0) | <0.001 | 54 (46, 64) | 55 (47, 65) | 2.0 (−4.0, 8.0) | 0.048 | 0.25 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 91 (72, 121) | 94 (72, 113) | 1.0 (−13.3, 13.0) | 0.94 | 93 (75, 112) | 94 (73, 112) | 0.0 (−11.0, 13.0) | 0.58 | 0.69 |
| 25‐OH‐D, ng/mL | 15.4 (11.7, 19.6) | 20.0 (14.9, 24.8) | 4.4 (−0.25, 9.4) | <0.001 | 14.6 (9.2, 19.7) | 29.9 (21.4, 39.2) | 14.3 (6.0, 21.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as median (lower quartile, upper quartile). 25‐OH‐D indicates 25‐hydroxyvitamin D; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; and NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide.
*
P value represents the Wilcoxon rank sum test of change in circulating biomarker level from baseline to 6 months between the 2 treatment arms.
†
P value represents the paired Wilcoxon signed rank test of change in circulating biomarker level from baseline to 6 months within a treatment arm.