Table 2.
Characteristics of the Black Participants at ARIC Visit 3 According to Heart Failure Stage
| Characteristics | Healthy/0 (N=71) | A (N=386) | B (N=1253) | C/D (N=161) | P Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence, % | 3.8 | 20.6 | 67.0 | 8.6 | |
| Age, y | 55±4 | 57±5 | 58±5 | 58±5 | <0.001 |
| Women, % | 56.3 | 65.0 | 63.1 | 78.9 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7±2.5 | 27.7±4.6 | 31.4±5.8 | 34.6±7.6 | <0.001 |
| Normal weight, % | 39.4 | 30.8 | 11.9 | 9.4 | <0.001 |
| Overweight, % | 60.6 | 39.2 | 35.0 | 23.1 | |
| Obese, % | 0.0 (0) | 30.0 | 53.1 | 67.5 | |
| Systolic BP | 116±11 | 124±17 | 131±19 | 133±19 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP | 72±8 | 75±10 | 77±11 | 78±10 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 0.0 | 46.3 | 57.2 | 84.4 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive Medication, % | 0.0 | 42.9 | 51.7 | 83.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 0.0 | 15.8 | 25.6 | 47.5 | <0.001 |
| Current smokers, % | 0.0 | 20.8 | 20.2 | 16.3 | <0. 001 |
| Total: HDL ratio | 3.25±1.03 | 3.94±1.36 | 3.96±1.30 | 3.98±1.21 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 81.4±35.0 | 113.1±77.3 | 111.1±58.5 | 123.0±61.3 | <0.001 |
| Estimated GFR | 96.4±16.5 | 93.5±17.3 | 94.2±17.6 | 91.5±20.0 | <0.001 |
| History of myocardial infarction, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 20.5 | <0.001 |
| E/A Ratio | 1.97±0.52 | 1.72±0.46 | 1.64±0.47 | 1.51±0.59 | <0.001 |
| LV hypertrophy, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 98.8 | 85.1 | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction, % | |||||
| Normal | 100 | 100 | 96.4 | 88.8 | <0.001 |
| Mild | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 5.6 | |
| Moderate | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 2.5 | |
| Severe | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 3.1 | |
Definition of HF Stages in ARIC: Stage 0: Healthy, no risk factors; Stage A: presence of HF risk factors (hypertension, current smoking, obesity, total cholesterol ≥200, diabetes mellitus, obesity, coronary artery disease), no cardiac structural/functional abnormality; Stage B: presence of prior myocardial infarction, LV systolic dysfunction, LV hypertrophy (see Table 1 for definitions); Stage C/D; Prevalent clinical HF. ARIC indicates Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; BP, blood pressure; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HF, heart failure; and LV, left ventricular.
Trend test P value using analysis of variance for continuous variables and Cochran‐Mantel‐Haenszel test for categorical variables.