TABLE 1.

Pharmacokinetics of indirubin, isatin, and tryptanthrin in IN.

Included study	Methods	Animals	Interventions	T1/2(h)	Tmax(h)	CL/F (L/h/kg)	V/F (L/kg)	Cmax (μg/L)	AUC0-t (μg h/L)	AUC0-∞ (μg h/L)
Deng et al. (2008)	HPLC-UV	6 male Wistar rats	Indirubin, 5.6 mg/kg, i.v	1.030 ± 0.2	0.017	N/A	N/A	201 ± 23.7	295 ± 45.2	308 ± 50.0
Deng et al. (2008)	HPLC-UV	6 male Wistar rats	Indirubin, 2.8 mg/kg, i.v	1.020 ± 0.2	0.017	N/A	N/A	155 ± 17.7	124 ± 43.3	130 ± 48.3
Deng et al. (2008)	HPLC-UV	6 male Wistar rats	Indirubin, 5.6 mg/kg, i.p	1.080 ± 0.4	0.010	N/A	N/A	20.8 ± 7.6	22.6 ± 5.2	25.9 ± 4.9
Jähne et al. (2016)	UPLC-MS/MS	Male SD rats	Indirubin 2 mg/kg, i.v	0.583 ± 0.07	0.083	2.71 ± 0.52	2.25 ± 0.296	811 ± 140	737 ± 190	763 ± 177
Ren et al. (2016)	Lc- (MS)/MS	Male beagles	Isatin, 15 mg/kg, i.v	0.89 ± 0.24	N/A	6.57 ± 1.98	7.98 ± 0.34	N/A	2,391 ± 669	2,418 ± 675
Ren et al. (2016)	Lc- (MS)/MS	Female beagles	Isatin, 15 mg/kg, i.v	1.13 ± 0.47	N/A	6.72 ± 1.41	11.49 ± 7.19	N/A	2,260 ± 446	2,293 ± 438
Ren et al. (2016)	Lc- (MS)/MS	Male beagles	Isatin, 15 mg/kg, i.g	0.71 ± 0.10	0.67 ± 0.29	N/A	N/A	634 ± 253	1,012 ± 466	1,031 ± 459
Ren et al. (2016)	Lc- (MS)/MS	Female beagles	Isatin, 15 mg/kg, i.g	0.95 ± 0.15	0.67 ± 0.29	N/A	N/A	619 ± 152	922 ± 161	937 ± 163
Ren et al. (2016)	Lc- (MS)/MS	Male beagles	Isatin, 30 mg/kg, i.g	1.19 ± 0.19	0.83 ± 0.29	N/A	N/A	1,902 ± 357	3,578 ± 553	3,624 ± 541
Ren et al. (2016)	Lc- (MS)/MS	Female beagles	Isatin, 30 mg/kg, i.g	1.20 ± 0.36	0.50 ± 0.00	N/A	N/A	2,213 ± 347	3,184 ± 128	3,212 ± 128
Ren et al. (2016)	Lc- (MS)/MS	Male beagles	Isatin, 60 mg/kg, i.g	1.04 ± 0.09	0.83 ± 0.29	N/A	N/A	4,812 ± 412	8,071 ± 1,464	8,164 ± 1,509
Ren et al. (2016)	Lc- (MS)/MS	Female beagles	Isatin, 60 mg/kg, i.g	1.70 ± 0.89	1.00 ± 0.00	N/A	N/A	3,891 ± 284	6,748 ± 927	6,793 ± 923
Jähne et al. (2016)	UPLC-MS/MS	Male S-D rats	Tryptanthrin 2 mg/kg i.v	0.677 ± 0.111	0.071 ± 0.025	1.00 ± 0.36	1.02 ± 0.53	3,526 ± 755	2082 ± 683	2,228 ± 877