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. 2021 May 31;12:683068. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683068

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Copyright © 2021 van Olst, Roks, Kamermans, Verhaar, van der Geest, Muller, van der Flier and de Vries

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Microbial taxa are altered in AD patients compared to control subjects. Phylogenetic representation at phylum, family, genus and species level of microbial taxa in human studies. Arrows indicate an increase or decrease in abundance of a certain taxa in AD patients compared to healthy controls. * depict changes associated with amyloid pathology in cognitively impaired patients. Presence or excretion of toxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS; yellow) and metabolites polysaccharide A (PSA; green) and butyrate (red) is indicated.