Table 3.
Isolation and plant morphology of bisindole alkaloids from Alstonia species.
| Bisindoles | Types of Monomeric Units Present in Bisindoles |
Alstonia Species |
Morphology and References |
|---|---|---|---|
| (+)-Alstomacroline 1 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. scholaris, A. glaucescens, and A. macrophylla extracts | Leaves, stem-bark, and root-bark [19,20] |
| A. macrophylla | Bark [18] | ||
| (+)-Alstomacrophylline 2 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla | Bark [19] |
| A. scholaris, A. glaucescens, and A. macrophylla extracts | Leaves, stem-bark, and root-bark [20] | ||
| (−) Alstonisidine 3 | Ajmaline-macroline | A. muelleriana | Bark [21,22] |
| (−)-Angustilongine E 6 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. penangiana | Stem-bark [5] |
| (−)-Angustilongine F 7 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. penangiana | Stem-bark [5] |
| (+)-Angustilongine G 8 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. penangiana | Stem-bark [5] |
| (+)-Angustilongine H 9 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. penangiana | Stem-bark [5] |
| (+)-Angustilongine J 10 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. penangiana | Stem-bark [5] |
| (+)-Angustilongine K 11 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. penangiana | Stem-bark [5] |
| (−)-Angustilongine L 12 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. penangiana | Stem-bark [5] |
| (−)-Anhydromacralstonine 27 | Macroline-macroline | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| (+)-Des-N’a-Methylanhydromacralstonine 30 | Macroline-macroline | A. muelleriana | Bark [20] |
| A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [33] | ||
| A. muelleriana | Leaves, stem-bark and root-bark [20,35] | ||
| (−)-Lumusidine A 14 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [18] |
| (−)-Lumusidine B 15 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [18] |
| (−)-Lumusidine C 16 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [18] |
| (−)-Lumusidine D 17 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [18] |
| (+)-Lumutinine A 18 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [26] |
| (−)-Lumutinine B 19 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [26] |
| (+)-Lumutinine C 20 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [26] |
| (+)-Lumutinine D 19 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [26] |
| (+)-Lumutinine E 21 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| (+)-Macralstonidine 23 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. macrophylla | Bark [29,30] |
| A. somersentenis | Bark [29] | ||
| A. spectabilis | Bark [31] | ||
| (+)-Macralstonine 24 | Macroline-macroline | A. scholaris, A. glaucescens, and A. macrophylla extracts | Leaves, stem-bark and root-bark [19] |
| A. macrophylla | [29,30,32,33,34] | ||
| A. angustifolia | [36] | ||
| A. muelleriana | [35] | ||
| A. glabriflora Mgf. | [31] | ||
| (+)-O-Acetylmacralstonine 25 | Macroline-macroline | A. scholaris, A. glaucescens, and A. macrophylla extracts | [20] |
| (+)-O-Methylmacralstonine 26 | Macroline-macroline | A. scholaris, A. glaucescens, and A. macrophylla extracts | [20] |
| (+)-Macrocarpamine 31 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. scholaris, A. glaucescens, and A. macrophylla extracts | Leaves, stem-bark, and root-bark [20] |
| A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] | ||
| 10-Methoxy macrocarpamine 34 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Leaves [41] |
| 10-Methoxy macrocarpamine 4′-N-oxide 35 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Leaves [41] |
| (−)-Perhentidine A 36 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla and A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28,33] |
| (−)-Perhentidine B 37 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla and A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [33] |
| (−)-Perhentidine C 38 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla and A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28,33] |
| (−)-Perhentinine 39 | Macroline-macroline | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [18] |
| A. angustifolia | Leaves [18] | ||
| A. macrophylla | Leaves [18] | ||
| (+)-Perhentisine A 40 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| (−)-Perhentisine B 41 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| (+)-Perhentisine C 42 | Macroline-sarpagine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| A. muelleriana | Leaves and stem-bark [37] | ||
| (+)-Villalstonidine A 47 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| (+)-Villalstonidine B 48 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [27] | ||
| (+)-Villalstonidine C 49 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| (+)-Villalstonidine D 50 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| (+)-Villalstonidine E 51 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| (+)-Villalstonidine F 52 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. macrophylla | Stem-bark [27] |
| (+)-Villalstonine 43 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Leaves and stem-bark [28,36,39,41] |
| A. macrophylla | [41] | ||
| A. villosa | [41] | ||
| A. verticillosa | [41] | ||
| A. somersentensis | [41] | ||
| Villalstonine N(4)-oxide 44 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Stem-bark [28] |
| A. scholaris, A. glaucescens, and A. macrophylla extracts | Leaves, stem-bark, and root-bark [20,30,32,38] | ||
| (+)-10-Methoxy villalstonine 45 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Leaves [41] |
| 10-Methoxy villalstonine 4′-N-oxide 46 | Macroline-pleiocarpamine | A. angustifolia | Leaves [41] |