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. 2021 May 31;12:642343. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642343

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Evolutionary and evolutionary comparative studies of AID/APOBEC and AID/APOBEC-like enzymes. (A) The emergence of AID/APOBEC and AID/APOBEC-like enzymes during evolution and the evolution of antibody genes (Ig/VLR), and occurrence of secondary antibody diversification (i.e., antibody maturation; SHM and CSR) and primary antibody diversification (i.e., V[D]J recombination) within and outside of vertebrate class. (B) Comparison of number of reports examining AID in human and mouse (blue; > 99%) and studies done on other species (yellow; < 0.7%). The total number of published peer-reviewed studies on AID as measured by AID being a keyword in title/abstract (pubmed/scopus search) is 2368. Of these, 49 discussed the topic of AID in species other than human or mice (15–63) and 17 (0.7%) presented experimental data examining evolutionary divergent AID orthologs (17, 20, 21 26, 30–33, 39, 42, 45, 47, 52, 56, 61–63). NC, noncanonical; MML, multiple mini loci; TL, translocon; GC, Gene conversion (or Gene conversion-like); unk, unknown.