TABLE 3.

Survey results: Effort by effect size.

Study	Survey items	nobservation	TC M (SD)	FC M (SD)	p	d
Loux et al., 2016	Hours spent preparing for class	TC = 52, FC = 45	1.70 (1.42)	2.50 (2.13)	0.016	0.44
Loux et al., 2016	Hours spent completing homework	TC = 52, FC = 45	2.70 (1.80)	3.30 (2.00)	0.046	0.32
Nielsen et al., 2018	Average individual quiz score as a measure of effort	TC = 229, FC = 136	88.04 (7.30)	89.69 (5.65)	>0.05	0.25
Gundlach et al., 2015	Effort: Amount of work the student expends to learn statistics	TC = 193, FC = 25	6.01 (0.88)	6.11 (0.96)	>0.05	0.11
Cronhjort et al., 2018	Worked with the course contents regularly during the course	TC = 413, FC = 226	3.90	4.05	0.351	n/a
Peterson, 2016	Course was demanding	TC = 12, FC = 21	4.50 (0.67)	4.48 (0.68)	0.92	–0.03
Yong et al., 2015	Homework score as a measure of effort	TC = 90, FC = 86	92.43	90.78	>0.05	n/a

Bold values indicate significant results.