Table 3.

Comparative cost analysis.

Scheme	Transmission Cost (in Bits)	Processing Cost (in Seconds)	No. of Messages Exchanged
Zhong et al. [27]	823 ${}^{*}$ 832 n ${}^{**}$	0.0171 n + 0.1197 ${}^{**}$	1
Azees et al. [28]	7488	$0.1302!,(n+1)0.0171+(n+4)0.0192!!$	1
Dua et al. [29]	2144	$0.1406$	3
Sehil et al. [30]	1568	$0.1061$	5
Gunasakaran et al. [31]	1632	$0.117$	4
Proposed Architecture	1226	0.112	3

${}^{*}$ verification of single message. ${}^{**}$ batch messages verification. ! single signature along with a certificate. $!!n$ no. of certificates and signatures.