Table 3.

Specific prevention and/or treatment for different nephrotoxic drugs.

Agent	Mechanism of Action	Reduces Drug Nephrotoxicity	Note/References
glucocorticosteroid	anti-inflammatory	provokes ATIN	human study [69,72,73,79,80]
probenecid	hOAT inhibitor	tenofovir cidofovir methotrexate	human study [41]
bicarbonate	urine alkalization	sulfadiazine, methotrexate, triamterene	human study [116]
atorvastatin vitamin C vitamin E N-acetylcysteine erythropoietin erdosteine	antioxidants	vancomycin Non-lysosomal amphotericin B, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tobramycin vancomycin cisplatin carboplatin nedaplatin tenofovir cidofovir adenofovir vancomycin	animal studies [13,117,118,119,120]
erythropoietin	tubular regeneration reduced apoptosis	cisplatin	animal study [121]
cilastin	blocks megalin receptor inhibits dehydropeptidase-I increases P-glycoprotein expression	vancomycin aminoglycoside cisplatin	animal study [122,123]
magnesium	inhibits hOCT2	cisplatin	human study [52]
cimetidine	inhibits hOCT2	cisplatin	animal study [54]
fosfomycin	inhibits lysosomal enzymes decreases intracellular transport decreases cellular vancomycin accumulation	vancomycin	animal study [124]
chloroquine	proximal tubule Atg7 inhibitor—autophagy inhibition	vancomycin	animal study [94]