Table 2.

The antibacterial action of melatonin in vivo infected with different bacteria.

Bacteria	Dosage	Time	Effects	Ref.
S. aureus	10 mg/kg	At 17:00, 17:30, 18:00	Reducing expression of LPO, CAT, iNOS, COX-2 and production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, CRP, increasing the production SOD and GSH	(56)
S. pneumoniae	2 mg/mL	40 h	Suppressing bacterial growth at a high concentration	(95)
E. coli	10 mg/kg or 1nM	At 17:00, 17:30 and 18:00 or 70 s	Reducing expression of LPO, CAT, iNOS, COX-2 and production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, CRP, increasing the production SOD and GSH	(56, 148)
H. Pylori	5 mg or 3 mg	21 days	Increasing efficacy of H. pylori elimination, Accelerating duodenal ulcer recovery	(154–156)
K. pneumonia	100 mg/kg	24 h	Counteracting neurocognitive damage inhibiting microglial activation, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels	(130)
Pasteurella multocida (P52)	100mg/kg	4 h	Exogenous melatonin at 4 h post vaccination augments immune responses in rats.	(163)
Pasteurella multocida (PmCQ2)	30 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 120mg/kg	12 h, 16 h, 24 h, 32 h	Inhibiting macrophage-mediated excessive inflammatory responses	Unpublished

S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; S. pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumonia; E. coli, Escherichia coli; H. Pylori, Helicobacter Pylori; K. pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia; LPO, lipid peroxidation; CAT, catalase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase, CRP, C-reactive protein; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, glutathione.