TABLE 2.

Summary of VN-intestinal immune manifestations in different diseases.

Disorder	Alterations of intestinal mucosal barrier	Intestinal immune/ Inflammatory responses	References
IBD	Goblet cell loss	Activated ChAT+ T cell	Willemze et al. (2019a)
	Crypt density ↓	Produce pro-inflammatory mediators
	Intestinal mucosal barrier permeability ↑	Degranulation of MC	de Haan et al. (2013),
	Worsen TEER	Activate CX3CR1hi macrophage	Bosmans et al. (2019)
		MC producing proteases Leukocyte ↑
CD4−/− mice	VN irritate AMP ↑	Activate Th1 immune response	Dhawan et al. (2016)
		M1 macrophage ↑
Bacterial abdomina lSepticemia	Intestinal bacteria translocation ↑	VN regulate macrophage	Nullens et al. (2016)