Table 3.

Construct and external validity

Domains	Description
Age	All same age vs different ages
Sex	All male vs all female vs mixed
Comorbidities	All healthy vs models with comorbidities vs mixed
Breeding	Inbred only vs outbred (wild-type) only vs mixed
Number of participating centers	Single vs multicentered
Species	Rats, mice, monkeys, cats, dogs, and others
TBI models	Fluid percussion injury (FPI), controlled cortical impact (CCI), weight-drop model, acceleration model
Acute stroke models	Spontaneous vs induced, global vs focal ischemia, endovascular vs open surgery with ligature, embolic, and photothrombosis
ICH models	Blood vs collagenase injection in cerebral parenchyma
SAH models	Endovascular perforation of internal carotid artery, blood injection in basal cisterns
Blood transfusion type	Whole blood vs packed red blood cells
Anemia	Hemorrhage or hemodilution as part of model preparation
Co-interventions	Crystalloids, colloids, medications, mechanical ventilation, and others
Timing of treatment	Immediate vs delayed treatment measures after brain injury
Death	Animals found dead or sacrificed when met criteria for important deterioration (imminent death)