Table 1.
Study population characteristics across race- and gender-adjusted quartiles of visceral adiposity
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 268 | 274 | 276 | 271 | – |
| Visceral adipose tissue, kg | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.7 (1.5, 2.5) | 2.4 (2.0, 3.3) | 3.4 (2.8, 4.3) | – |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | 45.0 (40.0, 53.5) | 48.0 (41.0, 55.0) | 51.0 (44.0, 58.0) | 53.0 (46.0, 60.0) | < .001 |
| Male, % | 45.5 | 45.6 | 45.7 | 45.4 | 0.978 |
| White, % | 42.9 | 42.7 | 42.4 | 42.8 | 0.963 |
| Black, % | 38.8 | 38.7 | 38.4 | 38.8 | 0.972 |
| Hispanic, % | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.7 | 16.2 | 0.976 |
| Vitals | |||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 120.2 (112.3, 133.3) | 124.7 (116.3, 135.0) | 126.7(118.0, 140.0) | 131.0 (123.0, 139.7) | < .001 |
| MVPA, min/day | 53.5 (41.1) | 44.4 (35.9) | 38.2 (31.3) | 34.6 (28.8) | < .001 |
| Anthropometric measures | |||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.9 (21.5, 26.0) | 27.6 (25.1, 30.1) | 29.7 (27.5, 32.4) | 33.8 (31.0, 37.3) | < .001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 81.3 (74.9, 87.0) | 88.9 (83.8, 95.3) | 96.5 (90.2, 101.6) | 106.1 (100.3, 111.8) | < .001 |
| Medical history | |||||
| Hypertension, % | 24.6 | 28.8 | 43.5 | 57.6 | < .001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 34.7 | 40.9 | 38.0 | 50.6 | 0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 13.9 | 27.8 | 25.9 | 31.2 | < .001 |
| Smoking status, % | 25.7 | 21.6 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 0.001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| LDL, mg/dL | 111.0 (92.0, 135.0) | 120.0 (95.0, 145.0) | 119.0 (100.0, 143.0) | 116.0 (93.0, 142.0) | 0.259 |
| A1C, % | 5.3 (5.1, 5.5) | 5.4 (5.1, 5.6) | 5.5 (5.2, 5.7) | 5.6 (5.3, 5.9) | < .001 |
| Estimated peak oxygen uptake (VO2max), ml/kg/min | 32.9 (25.7, 39.5) | 28.4 (21.6, 33.8) | 26.8 (21.8, 34.0) | 23.9 (18.9, 29.1) | < .001 |
| Body composition | |||||
| Total lean body mass, kg | 38.3(82.2) | 40.4 (86.7) | 42.6 (91.9) | 45.4 (86.2) | < .001 |
| ALM, kg | 21.5 (5.5) | 22.2 (5.8) | 23.5 (6.1) | 24.7 (5.3) | < .001 |
| ALM index, kg/m2 | 7.4 (1.4) | 7.7 (1.5) | 8.1 (1.5) | 8.6 (1.28) | < .001 |
| CMR measures | |||||
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 63.1 (54.1, 74.4) | 58.9 (50.0, 71.9) | 62.1 (51.8, 71.3) | 61.6 (54.4, 71.6) | 0.632 |
| LVEDV index, mL/m2 | 64.7 (56.8, 71.3) | 58.0 (51.8, 66.3) | 57.5 (50.8, 63.8) | 55.2 (49.1, 61.9) | < .001 |
| LVEF, % | 68.3 (64.1, 72.9) | 69.4 (65.3, 73.4) | 69.1 (65.0, 73.1) | 69.6 (65.6, 73.6) | 0.043 |
| Stroke volume, mL | 78.5 (68.8, 89.8) | 76.5 (67.2, 87.4) | 78.4 (68.4, 88.6) | 80.1 (70.8, 89.2) | 0.171 |
| Peak systolic circumferential strain, (%) | − 15.2 (− 17.1, − 13.4) | − 14.8 (− 16.1, − 13.2) | − 14.3 (− 16.3, − 12.3) | − 14.3 (− 16.1, − 12.4) | < .001 |
Variables expressed in %, median with interquartile range, or mean with standard deviation. BP blood pressure, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, LDL low-density lipoprotein, ALM appendicular lean mass, CMR cardiovascular magnetic resonance, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEDV left ventricular end diastolic volume