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. 2021 May 31;9:685507. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.685507

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

(A) Characteristics of 3D bioprinted convoluted renal proximal tubule structure. (a) Phase contrast and TEM images of printed proximal tubule models and enhanced cell height in 3D proximal tubule model. (b) Flow cytometry data demonstrated increased albumin uptake compared to 2D conditions (*p < 0.001; **p < 0.02). Reprinted with permission from Homan et al. (2016). (B) 3D renal proximal tubule with glomerular microvascular channels. (a) Whole-mount immunofluorescence images show the co-localized epithelium and endothelium with a distance of approximately 70 μm. (b) Schematic depicts a closed-loop perfusion system for assessment of renal resorption, and time-dependent measurements of albumin and insulin uptake performed by 3D printed proximal tubules indicate selective transport of albumin from PTEC to GMEC channels (N.S.: not significant; ***p < 0.0001). Reprinted with permission from Lin et al. (2019).