FIGURE 7.

(A) GBM model based on a 3D bioprinted mini-brain construct containing macrophages. (a) Schematic and picture of GBM model exhibit GBM area in red on the bioprinted mini-brain. (b) Schematic illustrates the experimental conditions for the bioprinted RAW264.7/GL261 co-culture model and heatmap shows distinguished gene expression as a 2D monolayer (I and IV), 3D single bioprinted (II and V), and 3D bioprinted RAW264.7/GL261 co-culture model (III and VI) in RAW264.7 and GL261 glioblastoma. Reprinted with permission from Heinrich et al. (2019). (B) In vitro cancer model consisting of a pair of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels using 3D bioprinting. (a) Schematic shows the design of a bioprinted cancer model containing a pair of blood/lymphatic vessels that mimic actual TME. (b) Images on the left show the diffusion of DOX in a 1-channel/2-channel configuration, and the fluorescence images on the right exhibit cell viability for 24 h after DOX delivery (*p < 0.01). Reprinted with permission from Cao et al. (2019). (C) Application of patient-derived cell for in vitro GBM model mimicking hypoxic TME. (a) Schematic describes the design of GBM-on-a-chip with a compartmentalized cancer-vascular structure. (b) Colormap image of the oxygen gradient demonstrates the formation of central hypoxia in the GBM model. (c) Survival rate of patient-derived GBM treated with the drug combinations indicates patient-specific drug responses reflecting individual characteristics (n.s.: not significant; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001). Reprinted with permission from Yi et al. (2019).