. 2021 May 31;9:666428. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.666428

TABLE 3.

The functional indices of joints during different phases across three walking speeds.

Collision						Preload

Joint	Speed	Strut	Spring	Motor	Damper	Joint	Speed	Strut	Spring	Motor	Damper
Waist	Fast	81.7 ± 2.7^a	0.2 ± 0.2^a	9.7 ± 1.0^a	8.4 ± 3.0^a	Waist	Fast	89.5 ± 1.9^a	2.3 ± 0.1^a	0.0 ± 0.1^a	8.2 ± 1.0^a
	Normal	87.1 ± 3.4^a	0.4 ± 0.3^a	8.5 ± 1.4^a	4.0 ± 3.5^a		Normal	92.4 ± 2.2^a	0.2 ± 0.1^a	0.3 ± 0.1^a	7.1 ± 1.0^a
	Slow	88.9 ± 3.5^a	0.2 ± 0.2^a	6.2 ± 1.4^a,b	4.7 ± 3.6^a		Slow	92.4 ± 2.4^a	0.1 ± 0.2^a	0.2 ± 0.1^a	7.3 ± 1.0^a
Hip	Fast	80.8 ± 3.0^a	0.2 ± 0.1^a	5.0 ± 0.7^a	14.0 ± 2.9^a	Hip	Fast	84.3 ± 2.6^a	2.3 ± 0.0^a	1.5 ± 0.8^a	11.9 ± 1.6^a
	Normal	88.4 ± 3.7^a	0.1 ± 0.2^a	2.9 ± 0.9^b	8.6 ± 3.5^a		Normal	85.2 ± 3.0^a	1.7 ± 0.0^a	1.9 ± 0.9^a	11.2 ± 1.8^a
	Slow	86.8 ± 4.6^a	0.0 ± 0.2^a	1.8 ± 1.1^b	11.4 ± 4.3^a		Slow	86.8 ± 3.1^a	0.9+0.0^a	1.9 ± 0.9^a	10.4 ± 1.9^a
Knee	Fast	66.7 ± 2.9^a	0.4 ± 0.3^a	20.6 ± 2.7^a	12.3 ± 2.3^a	Knee	Fast	86.6 ± 2.3^a	2.4 ± 0.2^a	5.6 ± 1.1^a	5.4 ± 0.9^a
	Normal	74.9 ± 3.5^b	0.2 ± 0.2^a	19.8 ± 3.4^a	5.1 ± 2.8^b		Normal	89.9 ± 2.4^b	1.8 ± 0.3^a	4.8 ± 1.2^a	3.5 ± 1.0^b
	Slow	76.5 ± 4.4^b	0.5 ± 0.4^a	18.3 ± 4.5^a	4.7 ± 3.8^b		Slow	88 ± 2.4^a,b	2.1 ± 0.3^a	7.1 ± 1.3^a	2.8 ± 1.1^b
Ankle	Fast	71.9 ± 2.4^a	1.3 ± 0.3^a	4.3 ± 1.1^a	22.5 ± 3.2^a	Ankle	Fast	89.0 ± 2.3^a	2.0 ± 0.0^a	1.9 ± 0.9^a	7.1 ± 2.9^a
	Normal	76.8 ± 3.1^a	1.0 ± 0.3^a	7.4 ± 1.2^b	14.8 ± 3.8^b		Normal	90.5 ± 2.7^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	1.6 ± 0.9^a	7.8 ± 3^a,b
	Slow	74.1 ± 4.1^a	1.0 ± 0.3^a	6.2 ± 1.4^a,b	18.7 ± 4.8^a,b		Slow	89.5 ± 2.8^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	1.6 ± 0.9^a	8.8 ± 0.3^b

Rebound						Push-off

Joint	Speed	Strut	Spring	Motor	Damper	Joint	Speed	Strut	Spring	Motor	Damper

Waist	Fast	92.5 ± 1.0^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	0.3 ± 0.2^a	7.1 ± 1.1^a	Waist	Fast	88.3 ± 0.8^a	2.5 ± 0.9^a	7.2 ± 1.2^a	2.0 ± 0.4^a
	Normal	93.4 ± 1.1^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	0.3 ± 0.2^a	6.2 ± 1.1^a		Normal	90.1 ± 0.9^b	2.1 ± 1.0^a	6.8 ± 1.2^a	1.0 ± 0.5^b
	Slow	93.2 ± 1.1^a	0.0 ± 0.0^a	0.2 ± 0.2^a	6.6 ± 1.2^a		Slow	91.9 ± 0.9^c	1.2 ± 1.0^a	6.2 ± 1.3^a	0.7 ± 0.5^c
Hip	Fast	57.8 ± 6.6^a	0.0 ± 0.0^a	35.8 ± 6.8^a	6.4 ± 3.3^a	Hip	Fast	76.60 ± 1.50^a	1.4 ± 1.2^a	20.2 ± 0.23^a	1.8 ± 0.8^a
	Normal	61.5 ± 6.9^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	32.1 ± 7.3^a	6.3 ± 3.7^a		Normal	79.20 ± 1.70^a	0.5 ± 1.2^a	19.0 ± 2.4^a	1.3 ± 0.9^a
	Slow	65.9 ± 7.1^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	28.5 ± 7.6^a	5.5 ± 3.9^a		Slow	80.40 ± 0.18^a	0.8 ± 1.2^a	18.3 ± 2.5^a	0.5 ± 0.9^a
Knee	Fast	83.7 ± 3.1^a	0.2 ± 0.0^a	13.8 ± 3.2^a	2.3 ± 0.8^a	Knee	Fast	49.1 ± 3.4^a	0.0 ± 0.0^a	7.6 ± 2.1^a	43.3 ± 3.1^a
	Normal	86.0 ± 3.2^a	0.1 ± 0.1^a	12.5 ± 3.3^a	1.4 ± 0.8^a		Normal	51.3 ± 3.7^a,b	0.1 ± 0.0^a	5.4 ± 2.2^a,b	43.2 ± 3.6^a
	Slow	88.1 ± 3.2^b	0.2 ± 0.0^a	10.9 ± 3.3^a	0.8 ± 0.9^a		Slow	53.2 ± 3.8^b	0.1 ± 0.0^a	4.0 ± 2.3^b	42.7 ± 3.8^a
Ankle	Fast	91.30 ± 1.20^a	0.0 ± 0.0^a	0.3 ± 0.2^a	8.40 ± 0.13^a	Ankle	Fast	56.1 ± 2.6^a	0.4 ± 0.0^a	43.2 ± 2.7^a	0.3 ± 0.3^a
	Normal	90.70 ± 0.13^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	0.5 ± 0.2^a	8.70 ± 1.40^a		Normal	60.6 ± 2.9^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	38.2 ± 3.0^a	1.1 ± 0.4^a
	Slow	91.70 ± 1.40^a	0.0 ± 0.0^a	0.2 ± 0.3^a	8.10 ± 1.40^a		Slow	61.5 ± 3.1^a	0.1 ± 0.0^a	38.4 ± 3.1^a	0.0 ± 0.0^a

Data are mean ± SD. for all the trials across all the subjects. Different letters mean that the variable in a column differs significantly with each other (p < 0.05).