Table 1.
Patient clinical characteristics, outcome, and standard diagnostic work-up.
| No. | Sex | Duration epilepsy to surgery (years) | Age at surgery (years) | Seizure pattern | Semiology suspected focus | MRI | LTM | FDG-PET | SPECT | Pathology | # icEEG electrodes (SDE + DE) | Resection | Engel Outcome | Follow-up months | Ictal events | Ictal events after screening for GOF and clusters | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, n | ldEEG, n | icEEG, n | Total, n | ldEEG, n | icEEG, n | |||||||||||||||
| 1 | F | 2 | 5 | Multiple daily | Left T | Left T | Left F C T | Not done | Left T | FCD | 90 (DE) | Left: LT, OI | 1a | 24 | 9 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 1 | 8 |
| 2 | M | 1 | 10 | Multiple daily | Right F C | Right F | Right F C | Not done | Right C P | DNET | 144 + 10 | Right: MsF | 1a | 31 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
| 3 | F | 9 | 9 | Daily to weekly | Left hemisphere | Left MT | Bi-temporal L > R | Left T | Left T | Subependymal heterotopia + HS | 140 (DE) | Left: MT | 4 | 24 | 24 | 2 | 22 | 21 | 1 | 20 |
| 4 | M | 8 | 17 | Multiple daily | Non-localizing | Left T | Left F C T | Left T | Left ST | Ganglioglioma grade I | 72 + 20 | Left: LT, MT | 1a | 28 | 11 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 |
| 5 | F | 2 | 15 | Daily to weekly | Left T | Left T O | Left T | Left T | Non-conclusive | FCD + vascular malformation | 96 + 10 | Left: MT | 1a | 53 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| 6 | M | 2 | 2 | Multiple daily | Left F | Left F C | Left F C | Left F C | Non-conclusive | FCD + Low grade Glioma | 80 (SDE) | Left: IF, IP, OI | 1a | 74 | 14 | 13 | 1 | 14 | 13 | 1 |
| 7 | F | 2 | 18 | Daily to weekly | Left T | Negative | Left F T | Left T | Left T | NS | 88 (SDE) | Left: MT | 1a | 29 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| 8 | M | 4 | 6 | Multiple daily | Left hemisphere | Left F | Left hemisphere | Left T P | Non-localizing | FCD | 120 (SDE) | Left: IF | 3 | 74 | 35 | 10 | 25 | 14 | 10 | 4 |
| 9 | M | 4 | 16 | Multiple daily | Left T | Left T | Left T | Left T | Left MT | HS | 80 (SDE) | Left: MT | 1a | 39 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 5 |
| 10 | M | 11 | 15 | Weekly to monthly | Left F | Negative | Left F | Left MT | Bi-temporal | FCD | 88 (SDE) | Left: MT | 2b | 25 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| 11 | M | 12 | 16 | Daily to weekly | Left F | Negative | Left T | Left T | Left T | NS | 88 (SDE) | Left: IF | 3 | 36 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 5 | 2 |
| 12 | M | 16 | 17 | Daily to weekly | Non-localizing | Right PO | R posterior quadrant | Not done | Right P | NS | 128 (SDE) | Right: LT, MT | 3 | 48 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| 13 | F | 8 | 9 | Daily to weekly | Right F | Right MsF | Bi-frontal R > L | Left F | Left T | FCD | 112 + 10 | Right: MsF | 1b | 42 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 14 | F | 14 | 18 | Daily to weekly | Non-localizing | Left F | Bi-frontal L > R | Non-localizing | Left F | FCD | 144 + 10 | Left: IF | 2a | 24 | 26 | 4 | 22 | 18 | 4 | 14 |
| 15 | F | 8 | 14 | Weekly to monthly | Left C | Negative | Left C P | Left MT | Bi-temporal mesial | NS | 72 (SDE) | Left: MP, SP | 1a | 24 | 23 | 2 | 21 | 11 | 2 | 9 |
| 16 | M | 3 | 3 | Multiple daily | Non-localizing | Negative | L posterior quadrant | Left T | Not done | FCD | 96 (SDE) | Left: LT, MT, IP, OL | 1a | 24 | 21 | 8 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 3 |
| 17 | M | 3 | 11 | Multiple daily | Right hemisphere | Left T P | Bi-frontalL > R | Left T P | Left P | Encephalomalacia | 72 + 30 | Left: IF, SMG | 1a | 40 | 14 | 5 | 9 | 14 | 5 | 9 |
| 18 | F | 2 | 3 | Multiple daily | Non-localizing | Multifocal | L anterior quadrant | Multifocal | Left T, Right F | TSC II | 120 (SDE) | Left: IF, OF | 1a | 24 | 10 | 8 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 2 |
| 19 | M | 3 | 4 | Daily to weekly | Left F | Left AC | Left F | Non-localizing | Right T | FCD | 56 + 10 | Left: MsF, AC | 3 | 24 | 29 | 12 | 17 | 26 | 12 | 14 |
| 20 | M | 4 | 11 | Daily to weekly | L hemisphere | Left T | Left FT | Left MT | Left MT | NS | 112 + 10 | Left: MT | 3 | 24 | 13 | 8 | 5 | 13 | 8 | 5 |
| 21 | M | 11 | 11 | Daily to weekly | Temporal | Left F T P | Left T | Not done | Non-lateralizing | Perinatal stroke + FCD | 136 (SDE) | Left: LT, MT | 2 | 37 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| 22 | M | 17 | 22 | Weekly to monthly | L hemisphere | Left C P | Left F C | L hemisphere | Left MT | FCD | 88 + 30 | Left: LC | 1a | 24 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| 23 | F | 11 | 12 | Daily to weekly | Non-localizing | Negative | Left F | Left F | Left FT | FCD | 70 (DE) | Left: OF, MF | 1a | 24 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 3 |
| 24 | M | 10 | 11 | Weekly to monthly | Left T | Left MT | Left T | Left T | Left T | FCD + HS | 92 (SDE) | Left: MT | 1a | 46 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| 25 | M | 11 | 16 | Daily to weekly | Frontal | Negative | Left F | L inferior frontal | Left MT, Right F P O | FCD | 227 (DE) | Left: OI | 3 | 24 | 14 | 4 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| 26 | F | 8 | 22 | Weekly to monthly | R hemisphere | Multifocal | Right F | Right T | Right T | NS | 120 (SDE) | Right: SF, MF | 2 | 24 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| 27 | M | 1 | 9 | Daily to weekly | Left C P | Left F P | Left C P | Left SP, IP | Not done | Polymicrogyria | 64 + 60 | Left: SP, IP | 1b | 60 | 17 | 10 | 7 | 16 | 10 | 6 |
| 28 | F | 1 | 6 | Multiple daily | R hemisphere | Right: OI | Right F | Not done | Right OI | FCD | 72 + 40 | Right: IF, OI | 2 | 31 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 4 |
| 29 | M | 1 | 3 | Multiple daily | Right F | Right SF | Right F C P | Right F | Right F | FCD | 138 (SDE) | Right: SF, MF, MsF, OF | 3 | 24 | 16 | 6 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 1 |
| 30 | F | 12 | 15 | Multiple daily | Frontal | Negative | Left F T | Bi-temporalL > R | Not done | NS | 212 (DE) | Lerft: MF, OF | 2 | 27 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 7 |
| 31 | M | 18 | 20 | Daily to weekly | Non-localizing | Left MO | Left T | Left MO | Not done | FCD | 162 (DE) | Left: IP, MO | 1a | 24 | 39 | 12 | 27 | 32 | 12 | 20 |
| 32 | F | 1 | 7 | Weekly to monthly | Left T | Left MF, IF, OI | Left F T | Left OI, LT | Left T | FCD | 164 (DE) | Left: OI | 1a | 25 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| 33 | M | 8 | 14 | Daily to weekly | Right F P | Right P | Right C | Right F P | Right P | FCD | 102 (DE) | Right: SP, IP | 1a | 24 | 15 | 7 | 8 | 14 | 7 | 7 |
| 34 | F | 15 | 18 | Daily to weekly | L hemisphere | Left F | Left F | Left F | Left F | FCD | 72 + 40 | Left: MF | 1a | 24 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 1 |
| 35 | M | 11 | 11 | Weekly to monthly | Left C | Left IF | Left MT | Non-localizing | Left IF | NS | 72 + 24 | Left: IF, LT | 1a | 24 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 1 |
| All. | 456 | 183 | 273 | 357 | 180 | 177 | ||||||||||||||
M: male, F: Female; L: left, R: right; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; LTM: LTM video EEG monitoring; FDG-PET = 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography; SPECT = Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography; ldEEG: low-density scalp EEG; icEEG: intracranial EEG; SDE = subdural electrodes; DE: depth electrodes; GOF = Goodness of Fit; FCD: focal cortical dysplasia; NS: non-specific changes; DNET: dysembrioplastic neuroepithelial tumor; HS: hippocampal sclerosis; TSC: tuberous sclerosis complex; F = frontal, T = temporal, C = central, P = parietal, O = occipital, FC = fronto-central; LT = lateral temporal, MT = mesial temporal, SF = superior frontal, MF = middle frontal, IF = inferior frontal, MsF = Mesial Frontal, LC = lateral central, SP = superior parietal, IF = inferior parietal, MP = mesial parietal, MO = mesial occipital, OI = opercoloinsular region, SMG = supramarginal gyrus.