. 2021 May 21;99(6):skab166. doi: 10.1093/jas/skab166

Table 10.

Least squares means (log₂-backtransformed) for expression of genes in the ileal mucosa of pigs fed diets containing high, medium, and low levels of crude protein¹

	Dietary crude protein level, %
Item²	22	19	16	SEM	P-value
Pro-inflammatory
TNF-α	1.04	1.15	1.19	0.07	0.292
IL-1β	0.71	0.73	0.71	0.11	0.990
IL-6	1.01	0.81	0.98	0.17	0.580
IL-8	0.87^ab	1.07^a	0.69^b	0.12	0.046
IL-21	1.07	1.04	1.05	0.14	0.985
IFN-γ	1.46^a	1.04^ab	0.69^b	0.19	0.030
CXCL2	0.85	0.99	0.75	0.11	0.235
CXCL9	1.20^xy	1.44^x	0.90^y	0.19	0.077
CXCL10	1.41^a	1.07^a	0.67^b	0.16	0.001
Anti-inflammatory
IL-4	0.87	1.11	1.48	0.28	0.317
IL-10	0.84^y	0.94^x	0.98^x	0.04	0.063
IL-11	0.58	0.81	0.96	0.17	0.246
IL-13	0.92	1.34	1.19	0.27	0.508
TGF-β	0.86^y	0.92^xy	1.09^x	0.08	0.096
Gut-protective proteins
OCLN	1.08^a	1.09^a	0.63^b	0.14	0.020
CLDN-1	1.04	1.23	1.09	0.51	0.952
ZO-1	0.96^xy	1.01^x	0.88^y	0.04	0.057
TFF-1	0.33	0.58	0.39	0.24	0.772
TFF-2	1.47^a	1.11^a	0.55^b	0.17	0.001
TFF-3	1.22^a	1.03^a	0.59^b	0.12	<0.001
MUC2	1.23^a	1.27^a	0.73^b	0.15	0.012
Miscellaneous
GLUT2	1.25^x	1.06^xy	0.60^y	0.21	0.055
GLUT5	1.31^a	1.10^ab	0.77^b	0.15	0.042
SLC15A1	0.85	0.71	0.55	0.18	0.482

¹Data are means of 10 to 12 observations per measurement.

²TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β, interleukin-1beta; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; IL-21, interleukin-21; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; CXCL2, chemokine ligand 2; CXCL9, chemokine ligand 9; CXCL10, chemokine ligand 10; IL-4, interleukin-4; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-11, interleukin-11; IL-13, interleukin-13; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; OCLN, occludin; CLDN-1, claudin-1; ZO-1, zonula occludens-1; TFF-1, trefoil factor-1; TFF-2, trefoil factor-2; TFF-3, trefoil factor-3; MUC2, mucin 2; GLUT2, glucose transporter 2; GLUT5, glucose transporter 5; SLC15A1, solute carrier family 15 member 1.

^a,bMeans within a row lacking a common letter are different (P ≤ 0.05).

^x,yMeans within a row lacking a common letter tend to be different (P ≤ 0.10).