Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Whey Protein | EAA | Education Only | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Specific Factor | n | n | n |
| NYHA class | NYHA class 1 | 13 | 11 | 6 |
| NYHA class 2 | 17 | 14 | 21 | |
| NYHA class 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
| NYHA class 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Echocardiography | EF ≥ 60% | 15 | 14 | 11 |
| EF ≤ 40%–55% | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Other comorbidities | HTN | 26 | 18 | 19 |
| HLP | 12 | 12 | 7 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 4 | 3 | 0 | |
| Pacemaker and/or defibrillator | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| CAD | 8 | 9 | 4 | |
| DM | 3 | 1 | 5 | |
| COPD/other lung disease | 4 | 6 | 3 | |
| Medications | ACEI/ARB | 19 | 12 | 11 |
| Beta-blockers | 11 | 11 | 5 | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 14 | 10 | 9 | |
| Diuretics | 13 | 7 | 10 | |
| Anti-arrhythmias | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Short- or long-acting nitrates | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| Statins | 17 | 10 | 3 |
Note: ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; CAD = coronary artery disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; EAA = essential amino acid; EF = ejection fraction; HLP = hyperlipidemia; HTN = hypertension; NYHA = New York Heart Association.