Table 11.

Validity test of instrumental variables

Variables	Mobile Internet use (1)	The number of deprived dimensions (2)
Age	0.067 (0.060)	− 0.029 (0.026)
Age squared	− 0.001 (0.001)**	0.000 (0.000)
Gender	0.156 (0.141)	− 0.118 (0.087)
Education	0.115 (0.022)***	− 0.029 (0.012)**
Risk aversion	− 0.230 (0.202)	− 0.224 (0.112)**
Household size	0.036 (0.038)	− 0.100 (0.022)***
Access to credit	− 0.090 (0.204)	− 0.336 (0.141)**
Distance to market	0.035 (0.019)*	0.041 (0.009)***
Cooperative membership	− 0.019 (0.160)	0.005 (0.085)
Henan	0.989 (0.202)***	0.337 (0.117)***
Fujian	0.722 (0.157)***	0.550 (0.105)***
Home delivery service	0.268 (0.151)*	− 0.130 (0.088)
Friend’s adoption of online shopping	0.528 (0.127)***	− 0.047 (0.083)
Constant	− 1.245 (1.691)	2.455 (0.743)***
Observations	820	820

The reference region is Sichuan. Standard errors are in parentheses, * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01