TABLE 1.
Summary of iPSC transplantation experiments in ischemic stroke models.
| Model (reference) | Follow-up period | Results |
| MCAO rat (Xia et al., 2020) | 2–28 days | iMSC-sEVs migrate to the brain, infarct size ↓, mNSS↓, error step number in the foot-fault test ↓, overall blood vessel density↑ |
| MCAO rats (Jiang et al., 2011) | 4–16 days | iPSCs migrate to the ischemic brain and differentiate into neural cells, no seizure or convulsive activity,%HLV↓, sensorimotor function↑ |
| MCAO rats (Chen et al., 2010) | 1–4 weeks | iPSCs-FG differentiate into astroglial-like and neuron-like cells, infarct size↓, motor function↑, anti-inflammatory cytokines ↑, pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ but form teratoma in 4 weeks |
| Pig (Baker et al., 2017) | 24 h to12 weeks | CBV, white matter integrity, neurometabolite abundance (NAA, Cr, Cho) ↑ |
| Mouse (Gomi et al., 2012) | 1–6 weeks | iPSCs differentiate into neuronal progenitors, axonal elongation, mNSS ↓ but immune rejection still exists after 6 weeks |
| MCAO pig (Lau et al., 2018) | 1–12 weeks | Recovery of postural reactions, posture, mental status, and appetite |
| MCAO rats (Oki et al., 2012) | 1–10 weeks | Extend axons to the GP, VEGF and recovery of fine forelimb movements ↑ |
| MCAO rats (Tatarishvili et al., 2014) | 1–8 weeks | Behavioral recovery ↑ |
| MCAO rats (Eckert et al., 2015) | 1–30 days | Behavioral recovery ↑, BBB leakage ↓, pro-inflammatory cytokine ↓, microglial activation ↓, adhesion molecules ↓, MCP-1 and MIP-1α↓ |
| MCAO rats (Oh et al., 2020) | 1–12 weeks | Ep-iPSC-NPCs differentiated into neuronal and glial cells, sensorimotor and behavioral functional recovery ↑, MEP ↑, proliferating and migrating neural precursors ↑, astroglial scar formation ↓, microglial ↓, mNSS ↓, final infarct size ↓ |
| MCAO rats (Jensen et al., 2013) | 1–5 weeks | NSCs derived from human iPSCs survive and differentiate into neural cells, but without behavioral recovery or reduction of infarct size |
| MCAO rat (Kawai et al., 2010) | 1–28 days | No significant difference in behavioral recovery and form larger tumors than the sham-operated group |
| MCAO rat (Tornero et al., 2017) | 48 h to 6 months | iPSCs promoted synapse formation between neurons, and the grafted neurons received direct synaptic inputs from neurons |
BBB, blood-brain barrier; CBV, cerebral blood volume; Cr, creatine; Cho, choline; GP, globus pallidus; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; iMSC-sEV, small extracellular vesicles secreted by MSCs derived from human iPSCs; mNSS, modified neurological severity score;%HLV, percentage hemisphere lesion volume; iPSC-FG, iPSCs with fibrin glue; MEP, motor-evoked potential; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α; NAA, N-acetylaspartate; ep-iPSC-NPCs, neural precursor cells derived from human-iPSCs through episomal plasmid-based reprogramming; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.