Table 2.
Description and univariable logistic regression results for community-level characteristics of 397 census tracts according to COVID-19 positivity group: Seattle, King County, WA, July 12, 2020
| ≥ 10 % census tracts (n = 64) Population: 346,613 |
< 10 % census tracts (n = 333) Population: 1,816,644 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Median | SD | Mean | Median | SD | OR (99% CI) q | |
| COVID-19 outcomes | |||||||
| Test rate 07-12a | 82.5 | 81.1 | 17.6 | 97.2 | 93.6 | 40.6 | 0.98 (0.97, 1) |
| Positive case rate 07-12 a | 11.0 | 10.3 | 3.44 | 4.16 | 3.70 | 2.26 | 2.18 (1.72, 2.76) |
| Hospitalization rate 07-12 a | 1.66 | 1.20 | 2.01 | 0.56 | 0.40 | 0.54 | 4.91 (2.66, 9.05)** |
| Mortality rate 07-12 a | 0.69 | 0.20 | 1.48 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 2.78 (1.40, 5.52)+** |
| Race | |||||||
| People of color (%) b | 57.0 | 57.2 | 15.0 | 35.4 | 32.7 | 16.7 | 1.08 (1.05, 1.10)** |
| Hispanic (%)c | 20.70 | 19.22 | 9.16 | 8.98 | 7.42 | 5.16 | 1.23 (1.16, 1.31)** |
| Black (%) | 12.41 | 10.80 | 8.78 | 4.89 | 2.20 | 6.27 | 1.12 (1.07, 1.17)** |
| Asian (%) | 16.72 | 14.45 | 10.77 | 16.54 | 14.0 | 11.65 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native (%) | 0.68 | 0.30 | 0.93 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 1.14 | 1.13 (0.87, 1.46) |
| Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander (%) | 2.25 | 1.15 | 2.84 | 0.52 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 1.47 (1.23, 1.77)** |
| Socioeconomic factors | |||||||
| < 185 % federal poverty level (%)d | 34.25 | 34.20 | 10.65 | 17.76 | 14.36 | 11.99 | 1.09 (1.06, 1.13)** |
| No high school diploma (%)e | 13.63 | 12.77 | 7.78 | 6.57 | 4.25 | 6.34 | 1.13 (1.07, 1.18)** |
| Uninsured (%)f | 13.81 | 13.38 | 6.83 | 8.76 | 7.18 | 6.22 | 1.11 (1.05, 1.16)** |
| Not fluent in English (%)g | 15.87 | 14.12 | 8.60 | 9.48 | 7.00 | 8.14 | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12)** |
| Unemployed (%)h | 6.11 | 5.94 | 2.82 | 4.87 | 4.36 | 2.56 | 1.17 (1.03, 1.32)* |
| Overcrowded housing (%)i | 7.20 | 6.24 | 4.03 | 2.78 | 2.02 | 2.62 | 1.47 (1.29, 1.68)** |
| Community health factors | |||||||
| Cardiovascular mortality ratea | 2.43 | 2.29 | 0.79 | 1.72 | 1.64 | 0.57 | 4.68 (2.55, 8.61)** |
| Diabetes-related mortality ratea | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 15.61 (5.39, 45.24)** |
| Years of potential life lostaj | 39.8 | 41.1 | 11.4 | 25.5 | 22.7 | 13.1 | 1.08 (1.04, 1.11)** |
| Body mass indexk | 26.4 | 26.5 | 0.68 | 25.2 | 25.2 | 0.76 | 10.82 (5.02, 23.33) |
| Environmental exposures | |||||||
| PM2.5 concentrationl | 6.92 | 7.12 | 0.66 | 6.05 | 6.09 | 0.80 | 5.47 (2.92, 10.26)** |
| Ozone concentrationm | 50.5 | 49.8 | 2.29 | 50.7 | 49.8 | 2.85 | 0.98 (0.85, 1.11) |
| NOx concentrationn | 12.9 | 13.5 | 5.04 | 17.9 | 12.3 | 18.5 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) |
| Population near heavy traffic roadway (%)o | 23.6 | 20.3 | 22.5 | 14.62 | 1.23 | 21.8 | 1.02 (1, 1.03)* |
| Toxic releases from facilitiesp | 19,711 | 13,321 | 18,722 | 19,338 | 9317 | 29,278 | 1 (1, 1) |
*p <0.01; **p < 0.001
+Results no longer significant after exclusion of the 23 census tracts with identified facility-based outbreak (10/64 high positivity tracts, 13/333 referent tracts, p = 0.07)
aRates per 1000 census tract population
bRefers to anyone who does not identify exclusively as non-Hispanic white. All race data from 2018 ACS 5-year estimates
cHispanic as race. The following race categories are mutually exclusive: Hispanic, Black, Asian, AIAN, NHPI
dPercent of census tract residents living in households making less than 185% FPL (i.e., $48,000 for a family of four)
ePercent of census tract residents who have not received a high school diploma or GED by the age of 25. Data for socioeconomic, health, and environmental factors accessed via Washington Tracking Network (WTN)
fPercent of total civilian non-institutionalized population, ages 18 to 65 that do not have health insurance per census tract. Health insurance includes both private and public (e.g., Medicaid)
gPercent of census tract residents age 5+ speaking English less than very well
hPercent of census tract population 16 years and older that are in the labor force and registered as unemployed
iPercent of census tract residents living in housing where there is more than one person per room
jPremature mortality uses the age when a person died based on a life expectancy to age 65 and takes those years as the years of potential life lost
kAge-adjusted BMI for all census tract residents (Sum of resident heights/sum of age-adjusted resident weights). Three-year mean concentration of annual PM2.5 for 2009–2011 in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3). Maximum healthy concentration is 10 μg/m3, WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2005
lThree-year mean concentration of daily maximum 8-h rolling averaged ozone for 2009–2011 (μg/m3). Healthy guideline level is 100 μg/m3, WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2005
mNOx-diesel emissions in annual tons per square kilometer. Maximum healthy concentration is 100 tons/km2, EPA 2001
nPercentage of the population living exposed to busy roadways (within 300 m on either side)
oThe toxicity-weighted concentrations of chemical releases to air from facility emissions and off-site incineration averaged over a three-year period
pUnivariable logistic regression analysis. Significance threshold set at P < 0.01 after application of Bonferroni correction