Table 3.
Receipt of COVID-19 tests and test results among participants in a nationwide survey of COVID-19 testing among LGBTQ+ people, by sociodemographic characteristics, United States, 2020 a
| Characteristic | Received a PCR test
b
(n = 1073) |
Received an antibody test b (n = 1072) | PCR test result (n = 174) |
Antibody test result (n = 119) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 182) |
No (n = 891) |
P value c | Yes (n = 124) |
No (n = 948) |
P value c | Positive (n = 16) | Negative (n = 158) | P value c | Positive (n = 45) | Negative (n = 74) | P value c | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 35.4 (12.3) | 33.6 (11.8) | .07 | 37.9 (12.5) | 33.4 (11.7) | <.001 | 39.2 (17.8) | 34.7 (11.5) | .15 | 35.6 (12.0) | 39.2 (12.9) | .14 |
| Age group, y | .24 | <.001 | .08 d | .16 | ||||||||
| 18-29 | 71 (14.5) | 419 (85.5) | 40 (8.2) | 449 (91.8) | 7 (10.0) | 63 (90.0) | 20 (51.3) | 19 (48.7) | ||||
| 30-39 | 62 (18.3) | 277 (81.7) | 38 (11.2) | 301 (88.8) | 2 (3.4) | 57 (96.6) | 13 (36.1) | 23 (63.9) | ||||
| 40-49 | 22 (20.2) | 87 (79.8) | 19 (17.4) | 90 (82.6) | 2 (10.0) | 18 (90.0) | 5 (26.3) | 14 (73.7) | ||||
| ≥50 | 27 (20.0) | 108 (80.0) | 27 (20.0) | 108 (80.0) | 5 (20.0) | 20 (80.0) | 7 (28.0) | 18 (72.0) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity e | .71 | .86 | .16 d | .63 d | ||||||||
| Hispanic/Latinx | 21 (20.4) | 82 (79.6) | 10 (9.8) | 92 (90.2) | 4 (19.0) | 17 (81.0) | 3 (30.0) | 7 (70.0) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 23 (19.2) | 97 (80.8) | 13 (10.9) | 106 (89.1) | 0 | 23 (100.0) | 5 (38.5) | 8 (61.5) | ||||
| Multiracial | 7 (15.9) | 34 (84.1) | 6 (14.0) | 37 (86.0) | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 118 (17.1) | 624 (82.9) | 89 (12.0) | 650 (88.0) | 12 (10.9) | 98 (89.1) | 35 (41.7) | 49 (58.3) | ||||
| Other f | 13 (19.4) | 54 (80.6) | 6 (8.7) | 63 (91.3) | 0 | 13 (100.0) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | ||||
| Sexual orientation and gender identity | .21 | <.001 | — g | — g | ||||||||
| Gay cisgender men | 67 (17.2) | 322 (82.8) | 69 (17.7) | 332 (82.4) | 10 (16.1) | 52 (83.9) | 27 (41.5) | 38 (58.5) | ||||
| Bisexual cisgender men | 17 (23.9) | 54 (76.1) | 4 (5.6) | 67 (94.4) | 0 | 17 (100.0) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | ||||
| Other sexual orientation cisgender men | 0 | 9 (100.0) | 1 (11.1) | 8 (88.9) | 0 | 0 | 1 (100.0) | 0 | ||||
| Lesbian cisgender women | 25 (13.5) | 160 (86.5) | 17 (9.3) | 166 (90.7) | 2 (8.3) | 22 (91.7) | 6 (35.3) | 11 (64.7) | ||||
| Bisexual cisgender women | 33 (19.6) | 135 (80.4) | 11 (6.7) | 154 (93.3) | 0 | 31 (100.0) | 4 (40.0) | 6 (60.0) | ||||
| Other sexual orientation cisgender women | 3 (7.1) | 39 (92.9) | 1 (2.4) | 41 (97.6) | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 1 (100.0) | ||||
| Gay/lesbian transgender people | 2 (7.1) | 26 (92.9) | 1 (3.6) | 27 (96.4) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 | 1 (100.0) | ||||
| Bisexual transgender people | 7 (22.6) | 24 (77.4) | 4 (12.9) | 27 (87.1) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.2) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | ||||
| Other sexual orientation transgender people | 6 (22.2) | 21 (77.8) | 2 (7.4) | 25 (92.6) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | ||||
| Gay/lesbian nonbinary people | 8 (25.0) | 24 (75.0) | 9 (28.1) | 23 (71.9) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 2 (22.2) | 7 (77.8) | ||||
| Bisexual nonbinary people | 7 (14.3) | 42 (85.7) | 3 (6.0) | 47 (94.0) | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 0 | 3 (100.0) | ||||
| Other sexual orientation nonbinary people | 7 (16.7) | 35 (83.3) | 2 (4.7) | 41 (95.4) | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 0 | 2 (100.0) | ||||
| Educational attainment | .13 | .002 | .73 d | .42 d | ||||||||
| ≤High school diploma/GED | 13 (18.8) | 56 (81.2) | 10 (14.1) | 61 (85.9) | 1 (7.7) | 12 (92.3) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | ||||
| Some college or associate’s degree | 30 (12.7) | 207 (87.3) | 12 (5.1) | 222 (94.9) | 4 (13.3) | 26 (86.7) | 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) | ||||
| ≥Bachelor’s degree | 139 (18.1) | 628 (81.9) | 102 (13.3) | 665 (86.7) | 11 (8.4) | 120 (91.6) | 35 (35.4) | 64 (64.6) | ||||
| Employment | .02 | .002 | .86 d | .90 | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 23 (10.8) | 190 (89.2) | 16 (7.5) | 198 (92.5) | 1 (4.3) | 22 (95.7) | 5 (33.3) | 10 (66.7) | ||||
| Employed full-time | 122 (19.3) | 509 (80.7) | 91 (14.4) | 539 (85.6) | 12 (10.5) | 102 (89.5) | 33 (37.9) | 54 (62.1) | ||||
| Employed part-time | 37 (16.2) | 192 (83.8) | 17 (7.5) | 211 (92.5) | 3 (8.1) | 34 (91.9) | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) | ||||
| Relationship status | .64 | <.001 | .09 d | .48 d | ||||||||
| Single | 59 (18.3) | 263 (81.7) | 38 (11.8) | 283 (88.2) | 4 (7.1) | 52 (92.9) | 11 (29.7) | 26 (70.3) | ||||
| In a committed relationship | 67 (15.8) | 356 (84.2) | 30 (7.1) | 394 (92.9) | 3 (4.6) | 62 (95.4) | 11 (37.9) | 18 (62.1) | ||||
| Married or domestic partnership | 52 (17.7) | 241 (82.3) | 49 (16.7) | 244 (83.3) | 8 (16.3) | 41 (83.7) | 19 (41.3) | 27 (58.7) | ||||
| Separated, widowed, or divorced | 4 (11.4) | 31 (88.6) | 7 (20.6) | 27 (79.4) | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | ||||
| HIV status | .10 | .04 | .68 d | .13 d | ||||||||
| Positive | 21 (21.4) | 77 (78.6) | 16 (16.2) | 83 (83.8) | 1 (4.8) | 20 (95.2) | 7 (46.7) | 8 (53.3) | ||||
| Negative | 149 (17.3) | 711 (82.7) | 102 (11.9) | 754 (88.1) | 15 (10.6) | 126 (89.4) | 38 (38.8) | 60 (61.2) | ||||
| Unknown | 12 (10.6) | 101 (89.4) | 6 (5.2) | 109 (94.8) | 0 | 12 (100.0) | 0 | 6 (100.0) | ||||
| Nation of birth h | .05 | <.001 | .99 d | .25 | ||||||||
| Outside United States | 18 (25.4) | 53 (74.6) | 18 (25.4) | 53 (74.6) | 1 (5.6) | 17 (94.4) | 9 (50.0) | 9 (50.0) | ||||
| United States | 163 (16.3) | 835 (83.7) | 106 (10.6) | 892 (89.4) | 15 (9.7) | 140 (90.3) | 36 (64.4) | 65 (35.6) | ||||
| US region h | .26 | <.001 | .16 d | .31 d | ||||||||
| Northeast | 84 (20.1) | 333 (79.9) | 83 (20.0) | 332 (80.0) | 11 (13.9) | 68 (86.1) | 29 (36.7) | 50 (63.3) | ||||
| Midwest | 24 (18.6) | 105 (81.4) | 13 (10.2) | 114 (89.8) | 0 | 23 (100.0) | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) | ||||
| South | 29 (13.5) | 186 (86.5) | 11 (5.1) | 205 (94.9) | 1 (3.6) | 27 (96.4) | 2 (20.0) | 8 (80.0) | ||||
| Mountain | 16 (15.5) | 87 (84.5) | 7 (6.9) | 94 (93.1) | 3 (18.8) | 13 (81.3) | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | ||||
| Pacific | 24 (14.0) | 147 (86.0) | 8 (4.6) | 166 (95.4) | 1 (4.3) | 22 (95.7) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | ||||
| Noncontiguous | 4 (13.8) | 25 (86.2) | 2 (6.9) | 27 (93.1) | 0 | 4 (100.0) | 2 (100.0) | 0 | ||||
Abbreviations: GED, general education diploma; LGBTQ+, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer and questioning; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.
aData source: a cross-sectional internet-based survey conducted by the authors from May 7 through July 31, 2020.
bExcluded participants who selected “I don’t know” and who were missing data. Thus, values in category may not add to value in column head.
cχ2 tests conducted to determine P values, unless otherwise indicated; P < .05 considered significant.
dFisher exact test or Freeman–Halton test used because expected cell size <5; P < .05 considered significant.
eNon-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and “other” racial/ethnic groups were collapsed into the “other” group because of insufficient cell size.
f“Other” racial/ethnic group includes participants who self-identified as non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, or wrote in a response under “other” that was not a previously listed group.
gAnalyses not conducted because of insufficient cell size.
hThe total number of participants who received a negative PCR test result by nation of birth and US region is 157 as a result of missing data.