Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by SNAP participation status in 2018 and March–May 2020, during early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania a
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 598) |
Not enrolled in 2018 or 2020
b
(n = 232) |
Enrolled in 2018, not 2020
c
(n = 55) |
Enrolled in 2020, not 2018
d
(n = 41) |
Enrolled in 2018 and 2020
e
(n = 270) |
P value f |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Share of sample, % | 100.0 | 38.8 | 9.2 | 6.8 | 45.2 | — |
| Demographic g | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 62.0 (14.0) | 64.5 (13.9) | 55.7 (14.9) | 63.1 (11.0) | 61.0 (13.8) | <.001 |
| Sex | .11 | |||||
| Male | 97 (16.2) | 46 (19.8) | 11 (20.0) | 7 (17.1) | 33 (12.2) | |
| Female | 501 (83.8) | 186 (80.2) | 44 (80.0) | 34 (82.9) | 237 (87.8) | |
| Race | .63 | |||||
| Black or African American | 537 (90.6) | 210 (91.3) | 52 (94.5) | 38 (92.7) | 237 (88.8) | |
| Other h | 56 (9.4) | 20 (8.7) | 3 (5.5) | 3 (7.3) | 30 (11.2) | |
| Household composition | ||||||
| Married/living with a partner | 99 (16.6) | 62 (26.7) | 6 (10.9) | 2 (4.9) | 29 (10.7) | <.001 |
| Children in the household | 113 (18.9) | 35 (15.1) | 18 (32.7) | 7 (17.1) | 53 (19.6) | .03 |
| Socioeconomic g | ||||||
| Total household income in 2017, in thousands, mean (SD), $ | 23.2 (20.7) | 36.5 (23.6) | 19.3 (13.8) | 19.9 (15.9) | 13.0 (11.9) | <.001 |
| Education | <.001 | |||||
| <High school diploma | 63 (10.5) | 9 (3.9) | 3 (5.5) | 8 (19.5) | 43 (15.9) | |
| High school diploma | 213 (35.6) | 66 (28.5) | 18 (32.7) | 11 (26.8) | 118 (43.7) | |
| Some college or technical school | 234 (39.1) | 103 (44.4) | 23 (41.8) | 19 (46.3) | 89 (33.0) | |
| College/graduate degree | 88 (14.7) | 54 (23.3) | 11 (20.0) | 3 (7.3) | 20 (7.4) | |
| Neighborhood | .054 | |||||
| Hill District | 377 (63.0) | 157 (67.7) | 32 (58.2) | 23 (56.1) | 165 (61.1) | |
| Homewood | 173 (28.9) | 66 (28.5) | 18 (32.7) | 11 (26.8) | 78 (28.9) | |
| Other | 48 (8.0) | 9 (3.9) | 5 (9.1) | 7 (17.1) | 27 (10.0) | |
| Renter | 398 (66.6) | 96 (41.4) | 39 (70.9) | 30 (73.2) | 233 (86.3) | <.001 |
| Access to a vehicle | 385 (64.4) | 192 (82.8) | 27 (49.1) | 28 (68.3) | 138 (51.1) | <.001 |
| COVID-19–related i | ||||||
| Employed at start of COVID-19 pandemic | 235 (39.3) | 125 (53.9) | 31 (56.4) | 11 (26.8) | 68 (25.2) | <.001 |
| Serious underlying health conditions j | 477 (79.8) | 177 (76.3) | 44 (80.0) | 36 (87.8) | 220 (81.5) | .28 |
Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.
aData source: Calculations based on surveys administered as part of the Pittsburgh Hill/Homewood Research on Neighborhood Change and Health study. 22 All values are number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated. Not all participants answered all questions, so numbers in categories may not add to number in column head; percentages are based on numbers of participants who answered questions. Percentages may not total to 100 because of rounding.
bParticipants not enrolled in SNAP when surveyed in either 2018 or 2020.
cParticipants enrolled in SNAP when surveyed in 2018 but not in 2020.
dParticipants enrolled in SNAP when surveyed in 2020 but not in 2018.
eParticipants enrolled in SNAP at the time of both surveys (2018 and 2020).
fUsing the Wald F test for continuous measures (age and household income) and Pearson χ2 test for categorical measures (sex, race, household composition, education, neighborhood, renter status, access to a vehicle, employment status, and underlying health conditions). P < .05 considered significant.
gAssessed at baseline (2018).
hOther races and ethnicities include White, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, multiple races, and other.
iAssessed in 2020.
jObesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney disease, diabetes or high blood sugar, high cholesterol, arthritis, or cancer.