Boccara 2005.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: parallel‐group randomized controlled trial Sample size: 48 Country: France Setting: secondary care Dates conducted: not reported Postoperative opioid used and delivery: nalbuphine Pain score collection: not reported Concurrent postoperative analgesics: paracetamol
Participants	Inclusion criteria Aged 18–70 years old ASA 1 or 2 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Exclusion criteria Allergy to paracetamol, NSAIDs or opioids Severe hepatic, renal, gastric or bleeding disorders Received analgesic drugs within two weeks before surgery
Interventions	Group K1 (24 participants): IV ketoprofen 100 mg before induction and IV saline end of surgery and continued for 24 hours Group K2 (24 participants): IV saline before induction and IV ketoprofen 100 mg end of surgery and continued for 24 hours
Outcomes	Postoperative pain (0‐100 mm VAS hourly for 24 hours) Nalbuphine consumption (mg consumed at 8 and 24 hours) Time to analgesic request (minutes if pain > 30 mm or > 50 mm) Sedation (during postoperative period, yes/no if sedation score > 2) Nausea and vomiting (yes/no during postoperative period) Adverse events (gastralgia, bleeding and anaphylaxis, yes/no during the postoperative period) Patient satisfaction (0‐5 scale, reported as number of patients with score 4 or 5)
Notes	Funding: none reported Declarations of interest: not reported Authors contacted: yes Other: pain score converted to 0‐10 scale, pain score data extracted from graph and taken from one hour to allow postoperative dosing to take effect. Authors contacted for raw patient satisfaction data
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated. Quote: "computer‐generated random list"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No mention
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐dummy placebo used. Quote: "in group K1, ketoprofen was administered before induction and saline after surgery".
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blinded. Quote: "none of the patients, managing anaesthetists or nurses were aware of the randomization code".
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Exclusions unlikely to bias as equal in number. Quote: "Six patients were excluded from postoperative data analysis because four needed intraoperative laparotomy (one in K1, one in K2 and two in P1) and two for incomplete data (one in K1 and one in K2)".
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol or trial registration
Other bias	High risk	More females in K2 group (Gerbershagen 2014)