Peduto 1995.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: parallel‐group randomized controlled trial Sample size: 30 Country: Italy Setting: secondary care hospital Dates conducted: not reported Postoperative opioid used and delivery: none Pain score collection: blinded independent observer Concurrent postoperative analgesics: none
Participants	Inclusion criteria Elective septoplasty ASA 1 or 2 Aged 18‐45 years old Exclusion criteria Long‐term NSAIDs or other analgesics Steroid treatment Lithium Aminoglycosides Oral hypoglycaemics Antihypertensives or diuretics Peptic ulcer Bleeding G6PD deficiency Liver or renal disease Asthma/COPD
Interventions	Group I (15 participants): IV ketorolac 4 mg/kg 10 minutes before induction and saline placebo 5 minutes after incision Group II (15 participants): IV ketorolac 4 mg/kg 5 minutes after incision and placebo 10 minutes before induction
Outcomes	Postoperative pain (0‐10 cm VAS and 11‐point scale at 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes postoperatively) Blood pressure and heart rate (mmHg and beats per minute at 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes postoperatively) Adverse events (composite of skin reactions, nausea, vomiting, shivering, headache and bleeding during follow‐up)
Notes	Funding: not reported Declarations of interest: not reported Authors contacted: no Other: pain data extracted from graph and SD estimated. Side effects not included as composite
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details. Quote: "Patients were randomly divided into two groups".
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details. Quote: "Patients were randomly divided into two groups".
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Double‐dummy placebo. Quote: "...in the other...30 min before surgery, placebo (physiological solution of volume equal to 0.4 mg / kg of ketorolac) 10 min before intervention"
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Blinded. Quote: "An independent observer, in the dark of the type of treatment performed"
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No mention
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol
Other bias	Low risk	Similar baseline characteristics. Quote: "No differences were found significant between the two groups as far as concerns anthropometric data (weight, height age, sex, age) and the duration of the intervention (average 37 min, with a minimum of 23 min and a maximum of 51 min)".