Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients and healthy controls.
| Group A | Group B | Group C | P§ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (F/M) (n; %) | 23/27 | 28/19 | 20/10 | 0.161 |
| Age (years) (Mean±SD) | 52.9 8.72 | 55.9.52 | 52.1 5.11 | 0.185 |
| HbA1c (%) [Median (IQR)] | 8.3 (7.6–9.6) | 8.1 (7.0–9.0) | - | 0.224 |
| Duration of DM (years) [median (IQR)] | 10.0 (7.7–15.2) | 10.0 (6.0–15.0) | - | 0.147 |
| Complications (n; %) (n; %) | ||||
| Nephropathy | 15 (30) | 8 (17) | - | 0.133 |
| Retinopathy | 7 (14) | 6 (12) | - | 0.858 |
| Neuropathy | 17 (34) | 8 (17) | - | 0.056 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 5 (10) | 9 (19) | - | 0.200 |
| Hypertension | 31 (62) | 28 (59) | - | 0.807 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 30 (60) | 26 (55) | - | 0.641 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 6 (12) | 1 (2) | - | 0.113 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | - | 0.141 |
| Antidiabetic drugs (n; %) (n; %) | ||||
| Sulphonylurea | 12 (24) | 6 (12) | - | 0.155 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 37 (74) | 25 (53) | - | 0.033* |
| Metformin | 40 (80) | 43 (91) | - | 0.108 |
| Pioglitazone | 2 (4) | 1 (2) | - | 0.594 |
| Insulin | 21 (42) | 16 (34) | - | 0.420 |
DM: Diabetes mellitus, DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, F: Female, M: Male§In the comparisons among groups A-B-C for the analysis of quantitative independent data, we used the ANOVA test in normal distribution and used the Tukey test in post-hoc. In the comparisons among groups A-B, for the analysis of quantitative independent data (HbA1c, duration of DM), we used the Mann–Whitney U in nonnormal distribution. Fisher’s exact Chi-square test was used for the analysis of qualitative independent data among groups. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation in normal distribution, as medians [interquartile range (IQR)] in nonnormal distribution.