Table 3.
The comparison of changes in the HbA1c and BMI, SF-36-, PSQ-, BAI scores among groups.
| Group A | Group B | Group C | P† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Median (IQR)] | [Median (IQR)] | [Median (IQR)] | ||
| PSQ | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (between –1.0 and 1.0 ) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.832 |
| BAI | 0.0(between –1.0 and 0.0) | 0.0 (between–2.0 and 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.285 |
| SF-36 | ||||
| Physical function | 0.0 (0.0–11.2)a | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.002* |
| Physical role limitation | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.056 |
| Pain | 0.0 (0.0–10.0)b,c | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.002* |
| General health perception | 5.0 (0.1–10.0)d,e | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0(0.0–0.0) | <0.001* |
| Emotional role limitation f | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.032* |
| Vitality | 0.0 (0.0–11.2)g,h | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.001* |
| Mental health | 0.0 (0.0–9.0)i | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.002* |
| Social functionality | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.227 |
| HbA1c | -0.4 (between–1.0 and –0.1) | 0.1 (between–2.0 and 0.6) | - | < 0.001* |
| BMI | -0.3 (between–1.0 and 0.0)j,k | 0.0 (0.0–0.0)l | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | <0.001* |
BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory, BMI: Body Mass Index, PSQ: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality, SF-36: Short Form-36†In the comparisons among groups, for the analysis of quantitative independent data, we used the ANOVA test in normal distribution and used the Tukey test in posthoc. In nonnormal distribution, we used the Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney U test, Bonferroni correction was then performed to account errors due to the multiple comparisons among groups. In comparison among groups A-B, for the analysis of quantitative independent data (Hba1c), Mann–Whitney U was used in nonnormal distribution. Continuous variables were expressed as medians [interquartile range (IQR)] in nonnormal distribution.*P < 0.05 was considered statistically significance.Small letters were used for the pairwise comparisons among groups A-B-C.aP = 0.001 vs. Group B, bP = 0.006 vs. Group B, cP = 0.010 vs. Group C, dP < 0.001 vs. Group B, eP < 0.001 vs. Group C, f No statistical significance in pairwise comparisons, gP = 0.004 vs. Group B, hP = 0.004 vs. Group C, iP = 0.001 vs. Group B, jP = 0.016 vs. Group B, kP < 0.001 vs. Group C, l