Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to PWV quartiles.
| Pulse wave velocity, m/s | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Q1 (<6.3) | Q2 (6.3–7.4) | Q3 (7.5–8.8) | Q4 (>8.8) | P value |
| N (1582) | 374 | 413 | 396 | 399 | |
| Male, n (%) | 86 (23%) | 97 (23.7%) | 95 (24.1%) | 115 (29.2%) | 0.1 |
| Age, years | 34.9 ± 8.1 | 48.7 ± 5.5 | 56.8 ± 5.3 | 69.7 ± 8.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.3 ± 8.4 | 30.3 ± 5.3 | 30.4 ± 5.1 | 29.8 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
| HT | 18,7% | 22% | 28% | 31.3% | <0.001 |
| DM | 14,7% | 15,9% | 31% | 38.4% | <0.001 |
| HL | 13.1% | 26.4% | 27.9% | 32.5% | <0.001 |
| CAD | 8.1% | 20.3% | 26.6% | 45% | <0.001 |
| CRF | 10.4% | 26% | 20.8% | 42.9% | <0.001 |
| Previous stroke or TIA | 14.3% | 13.3% | 28.6% | 43.8% | <0.001 |
| PAD | 22.2% | 16.7% | 16.7% | 44.4% | 0.2 |
| Current smoking | 38.6% | 27.4% | 19.9% | 14.1% | <0.001 |
| Office SBP (mmHg) | 116 ± 12.6 | 122 ± 13.5 | 131 ± 16.4 | 137 ± 21.1 | <0.001 |
| Office DBP (mmHg) | 75 ± 11.1 | 80 ± 11.6 | 84 ± 13.2 | 82±14.9 | <0.001 |
| 24-h SBP (mmHg) | 122.6 ± 53.1 | 124.4 ± 13.8 | 127.6 ± 15.6 | 129.3 ± 17.9 | 0.007 |
| 24-h DBP (mmHg) | 74.9 ± 9.7 | 78.6 ± 10.2 | 79.8 ± 11.0 | 78.0 ± 11.3 | <0.001 |
| 24-h MAP (mmHg) | 95.5 ± 10.4 | 101.9 ± 48.5 | 104.1 ± 49.5 | 104.0 ± 50.4 | 0.02 |
| 24- Heart rate (beat/min) | 79.0 ± 10.4 | 75.9 ± 9.6 | 73.8 ± 9.1 | 73.7 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| 24-PP (mmHg) | 45.0 ± 8.7 | 45.7 ± 8.0 | 47.7 ± 9.4 | 51.3 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| Daytime SBP (mmHg) | 121.4 ± 14.1 | 128.3 ± 51.8 | 129.0 ± 16.5 | 130.1 ± 19.2 | <0.001 |
| Daytime DBP (mmHg) | 76.7 ± 10.1 | 80.3 ± 10.6 | 81.2 ± 11.6 | 79.3 ± 11.6 | <0.001 |
| Daytime MAP (mmHg) | 97.2 ± 10.6 | 101.3 ± 11.7 | 103.3 ± 12.6 | 104.8 ± 49.6 | 0.001 |
| Daytime Heart rate (beat/min) | 81.5 ± 11.1 | 78.5 ± 10.3 | 76.1 ± 9.5 | 75.7 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
| Daytime PP(mmHg) | 44.9 ± 9.0 | 45.7 ± 8.2 | 47.8 ± 9.5 | 53.2 ± 43.0 | <0.001 |
| Nighttime SBP (mmHg) | 114.3 ± 14.1 | 119.2 ± 14.7 | 125.2 ± 62.8 | 125.4 ± 19.4 | <0.001 |
| Nighttime DBP (mmHg) | 69.0 ± 10.1 | 73.2 ± 10.5 | 74.4 ± 11.8 | 73.5 ± 11.7 | <0.001 |
| Nighttime MAP (mmHg) | 89.7 ± 11.2 | 94.1 ± 12.4 | 96.2v13.9 | 103.2 ± 85.4 | <0.001 |
| Nighttime Heart rate (beat/min) | 69.6v9.9 | 67.8 ± 8.9 | 66.4 ± 8.8 | 67.2 ± 9.7 | <0.001 |
| Nighttime PP (mmHg) | 45.2 ± 9.0 | 46.0 ± 8.6 | 47.7 ± 10.0 | 51.9 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
| The rate of systolic fall in nighttime (%) | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| The rate of diastolic fall in nighttime (%) | 8.9 ±.1.7 | 8.8 ± 1.7 | 8.7 ± 1.8 | 8.4 ±.1.9 | 0.008 |
| Central systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 107.5 ± 11.7 | 114.4 ± 12.9 | 120.6 ± 16.3 | 125.1 ± 19.6 | <0.001 |
| Central diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.7 ± 11.2 | 82.0 ± 11.8 | 85.1 ± 13.7 | 84.0 ± 14.8 | <0.001 |
| Central pulse pressure (mmHg) | 30.8 ± 7.6 | 32.3 ± 7.7 | 35.4 ± 9.2 | 41.1 ± 11.4 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac output (l/min) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Cardiac index (l/min*1/m²) | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| AIx (%) | 23.8 ± 12.2 | 25.0 ± 13.1 | 23.6 ± 13.4 | 28.7 ± 14.2 | <0.001 |
| cAIx (%) n (%) | 25% | 20.7% | 24.7% | 29.6% | 0.08 |