Table 1.
The clinico-epidemiological characteristics of the participants (n = 512,746).
| Variable | Number (%) | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 53.6 (9.6) | |
| Sex, male | 277,758 (54.2) | |
| Residence at diagnosis | ||
| Seoul (capital city) | 87,993 (17.2) | |
| Other metropolitan city | 140,239 (27.4) | |
| Other area | 284,514 (55.5) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||
| 18.5–24.9 (normal) | 320,852 (62.6) | |
| Below 18.5 (underweight) | 11,860 (2.3) | |
| 25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 164,840 (32.1) | |
| Above 30.0 (obese) | 14,717 (2.9) | |
| Unknown | 477 (0.1) | |
| Annual income level | ||
| 0–20% (lowest) | 80,547 (15.7) | |
| 20–40% | 69,896 (13.6) | |
| 40–60% | 80,940 (15.8) | |
| 60–80% | 107,981 (21.1) | |
| 80–100% (highest) | 173,382 (33.8) | |
| Underlying disability | ||
| Mild to moderate | 2052 (0.4) | |
| Severe | 1245 (0.2) | |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never smoker | 331,264 (64.6) | |
| Previous smoker | 43,501 (8.5) | |
| Current smoker | 117,291 (22.9) | |
| Unknown | 20,690 (4.0) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| No drink | 285,927 (55.8) | |
| Mild drink group | 89,244 (17.4) | |
| Heavy drink group | 125,752 (24.5) | |
| Unknown | 11,823 (2.3) | |
| Exercise frequency | ||
| No exercise | 285,668 (55.7) | |
| 1–2 per a week | 118,117 (23.0) | |
| 3–4 per a week | 47,073 (9.2) | |
| 5–6 per a week | 13,170 (2.6) | |
| Almost everyday | 34,690 (6.8) | |
| Unknown | 14,028 (2.7) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1.3 (1.6) | |
| Family history of liver disease | 15,459 (3.0) | |
| Comorbid of mild liver disease | 84,427 (16.5) | |
| Comorbid of moderate to severe liver disease | 1618 (0.3) | |
| AST | 26.9 (17.7) | |
| Normal | 383,050 (74.7) | |
| Mild elevation | 90,044 (17.6) | |
| Moderate elevation | 36,188 (7.1) | |
| Severe elevation | 3464 (0.7) | |
| ALT | 25.9 (21.0) | |
| Normal | 387,619 (75.6) | |
| Mild elevation | 65,905 (12.9) | |
| Moderate elevation | 54,435 (10.6) | |
| Severe elevation | 4787 (0.9) | |
| AST/ALT ratio | 1.2 (0.9) | |
| dAAR | − 0.04 (1.24) | |
| γ-GTP | 37.8 (54.4) | |
| Normal | 387,978 (75.7) | |
| Mild elevation | 82,824 (16.2) | |
| Moderate elevation | 21,080 (4.1) | |
| Severe elevation | 20,864 (4.1) | |
SD, standard deviation; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.