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. 2021 Jun 14;11:12026. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91523-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic drawing of hydrothermal circulation across the Moho in the outer slope of the Japan trench. The water circulation across the Moho, which might be driven by thermal buoyancy, would occur along the same bend-fault fracture zone, that is, north–south parallel to the trench (i.e. red dashed hydrothermal convection cell). Structural continuity of the bend-fault fracture zone between sites PC6 and PC9 is not known yet. If the bend-fault fracture zone with high permeability is sufficiently wide, water circulation across the bend-fault fracture zone (that is, east–west) can also occur within the wide fracture zone (i.e. black dashed hydrothermal convection cell). Limited serpentinization may occur in the uppermost mantle.