Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of the study participants and their plasma lipid levels.
| PD (n = 38) | HC (n = 33) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 66.0 (5.7) | 66.1 (5.8) | 0.945 |
| Male, n (%) | 17 (44.7) | 10 (30.3) | 0.211a |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 12 (31.6) | 12 (36.4) | 0.802a |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 8 (21.1) | 3 (9.1) | 0.202a |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.8 (2.8) | 23.1 (2.7) | 0.253b |
| WCS (0–30) | 3.2 (3.7) | 0.1 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| K-NMSS (0–360) | 8.6 (6.5) | 3.0 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
| Disease duration, years | 4.2 (2.7) | – | |
| UPDRS I | 2.1 (2.1) | – | |
| UPDRS II | 6.2 (3.9) | – | |
| UPDRS III | 19.8 (7.9) | – | |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | 2.0 (0.6) | – | |
| LEDD, mg/d | 607.7 (331.2) | – | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 189.2 (33.2) | 203.9 (41.5) | 0.127 |
| TG, mg/dL | 123.2 (67.5) | 135.4 (59.2) | 0.278 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 123.5 (26.2) | 132.8 (29.0) | 0.160b |
| HDL, mg/dL | 52.1 (10.3) | 51.8 (15.9) | 0.858 |
| ALA, µg/mL | 21.8 (1.7) | 29.0 (2.4) | 0.017 |
| EPA, µg/mL | 16.1 (1.2) | 19.8 (2.3) | 0.396 |
| DHA, µg/mL | 14.4 (1.0) | 18.0 (1.8) | 0.114 |
| LA, µg/mL | 254.1 (70.4) | 305.6 (66.4) | 0.003b |
| AA, µg/mL | 37.3 (2.0) | 46.4 (3.3) | 0.024 |
| n-6/n-3 ratioc | 6.4 (2.5) | 6.4 (1.7) | 0.163b |
Data are described as mean (standard deviation) or frequency. The p values marked in bold indicate statistically significant differences between the two groups.
For group comparisons, the Mann–Whitney U test was used if not otherwise indicated.
aPearson’s chi-squared test; bStudent’s t test; cn-6/n-3 ratio = (LA + AA)/(ALA + EPA + DHA).
PD Parkinson’s disease, HC healthy control, BMI body mass index, WCS Wexner constipation score, K-NMSS Korean Non-Motor Symptoms Scale, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, LEDD levodopa-equivalent daily dose, TG triglyceride, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, ALA alpha-linolenic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, LA linoleic acid, AA arachidonic acid.