TABLE 5.
Prevalence (%) and concentration of immune factors in fecal samples from healthy control and bronchiolitis groups.
| Healthy (n = 15) |
Bronchiolitis (n = 48) |
|||||
| Immune factor | n (%) | Median (IQR) | n (%) | Median (IQR) | p value# | p value‡ |
| APRIL/TNFSF13, μg/L | 6 (40) | 2.38 (2.00–2.65) | 4 (8) | 1.58 (1.37–2.27) | 0.008 | 0.336 |
| BAFF/TNFSF13B, μg/L | 15 (100) | 0.85 (0.50–1.45) | 47 (98) | 1.89 (1.29–2.82) | 1.000 | 0.011 |
| Chitinase 3-like 1, μg/L | 15 (100) | 1.56 (0.19–3.48) | 42 (88) | 0.99 (0.42–2.63) | 0.321 | 0.986 |
| IFNα2, ng/L | 2 (13) | 37.30 (32.61–42.00) | 0 (0) | – | 0.054 | – |
| IFNβ, ng/L | 8 (53) | 9.34 (5.61–18.83) | 6 (13) | 11.07 (7.62–17.12) | 0.002 | 0.796 |
| IFNγ, ng/L | 5 (33) | 16.86 (16.64–19.72) | 2 (4) | 19.13 (15.38–22.87) | 0.007 | 0.699 |
| IL2, ng/L | 2 (13) | 15.17 (12.01–18.34) | 0 (0) | – | 0.054 | – |
| IL8, ng/L | 4 (27) | 23.15 (16.20–30.35) | 8 (17) | 21.82 (14.26–98.67) | 0.457 | 0.734 |
| IL10, ng/L | 3 (20) | 5.31 (4.53–8.30) | 2 (4) | 4.30 (4.04–4.56) | 0.083 | 0.564 |
| IL11, ng/L | 3 (20) | 0.53 (0.50–2.14) | 4 (8) | 0.59 (0.51–0.72) | 0.342 | 1.000 |
| IL12p40, ng/L | 5 (33) | 32.84 (22.69–69.40) | 7 (15) | 26.12 (22.69–35.13) | 0.137 | 0.465 |
| IL12p70, ng/L | 3 (20) | 2.32 (2.15–2.79) | 2 (4) | 2.14 (1.65–2.62) | 0.083 | 0.564 |
| IL19, ng/L | 3 (20) | 17.84 (15.66–79.82) | 0 (0) | – | 0.011 | – |
| IL20, ng/L | 11 (73) | 17.84 (12.52–21.19) | 19 (40) | 17.35 (11.31–21.32) | 0.037 | 0.880 |
| IL22, ng/L | 1 (7) | 22.1 | 0 (0) | – | 0.238 | – |
| IL26, ng/L | 2 (13) | 30.95 (28.67–33.22) | 2 (4) | 26.21 (25.92–26.49) | 0.238 | 0.439 |
| IL27p28, ng/L | 2 (13) | 55.46 (34.11–76.80) | 9 (19) | 18.93 (11.24–35.20) | 0.721 | 0.480 |
| IL28A/IFNλ2, ng/L | 2 (13) | 13.77 (11.11–16.42) | 3 (6) | 9.81 (9.75–11.15) | 0.585 | 1.000 |
| IL29/IFNλ1, ng/L | 5 (33) | 50.46 (28.18–62.00) | 5 (10) | 28.18 (27.16–36.82) | 0.049 | 0.530 |
| IL32, ng/L | 11 (73) | 17.34 (14.97–21.42) | 16 (33) | 25.35 (11.38–32.74) | 0.008 | 0.587 |
| IL34, ng/L | 1 (7) | 753.61 | 9 (19) | 777.19 (750.98–944.30) | 0.428 | – |
| IL35, ng/L | 3 (20) | 222.05 (220.33–251.99) | 3 (6) | 89.72 (78.15–133.29) | 0.141 | 0.050 |
| LIGHT/TNFSF14, ng/L | 11 (73) | 63.18 (37.46–165.69) | 11 (23) | 54.59 (44.60–75.11) | 0.001 | 0.533 |
| MMP-1, μg/L | 2 (13) | 1.97 (1.80– 2.13) | 1 (2) | 1.19 | 0.138 | – |
| MMP-2, μg/L | 6 (40) | 0.77 (0.54–0.89) | 7 (15) | 0.71 (0.54–0.93) | 0.062 | 0.943 |
| MMP-3, μg/L | 5 (33) | 0.55 (0.26–0.64) | 5 (10) | 0.32 (0.22–0.33) | 0.049 | 0.347 |
| Osteocalcin, μg/L | 4 (27) | 0.18 (0.14–0.23) | 2 (4) | 0.13 (0.10–0.16) | 0.025 | 0.355 |
| Osteopontin, μg/L | 6 (40) | 0.71 (0.52–0.92) | 7 (15) | 0.44 (0.42–0.62) | 0.062 | 0.063 |
| Pentraxin 3, ng/L | 15 (100) | 31.06 (23.32–43.24) | 25 (52) | 28.35 (15.32–46.39) | 0.001 | 0.379 |
| TSLP, ng/L | 7 (47) | 11.68 (9.25–22.10) | 7 (15) | 12.26 (9.00–14.81) | 0.015 | 0.749 |
| TWEAK/TNFSF12, μg/L | 15 (100) | 0.62 (0.22–1.11) | 46 (96) | 0.29 (0.10–0.77) | 1.000 | 0.227 |
| gp130/sIL-6Rβ, ng/L | 5 (33) | 93.86 (70.96–99.92) | 17 (35) | 90.92 (45.88–153.35) | 1.000 | 0.969 |
| sCD30/TNFRSF8, ng/L | 4 (27) | 10.54 (7.07–16.77) | 5 (10) | 7.67 (7.47–7.86) | 0.198 | 1.000 |
| sCD163, μg/L | 6 (40) | 0.94 (0.60–1.63) | 13 (27) | 0.87 (0.70–1.77) | 0.520 | 0.930 |
| sIL-6Rα, ng/L | 4 (27) | 14.38 (13.74–17.26) | 5 (10) | 10.88 (10.51–15.29) | 0.198 | 0.462 |
| sTNF-R1, ng/L | 8 (53) | 59.02 (34.09–137.82) | 30 (63) | 110.39 (59.70–369.67) | 0.558 | 0.100 |
| sTNF-R2, ng/L | 2 (13) | 56.25 (49.19–63.31) | 6 (13) | 101.21 (36.27–280.36) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
APRIL/TNFSF13, A proliferation-inducing ligand/tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13; BAFF/TNFSF13B, B-cell activating factor/tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B; gp130/sIL-6Rβ, glycoprotein 130/soluble interleukin 6 receptor β; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; LIGHT/TNFSF14, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; sCD30/TNFRSF8, soluble cluster of differentiation 30/Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 8; sCD163, soluble cluster of differentiation 163; sIL-6Rα, soluble interleukin 6 receptor α; sTNF-R1, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; sTNF-R2, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; TWEAK/TNFSF12, tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 12. The prevalence is expressed as the number (percentage) of samples in which the immunological compound was detected and the relative abundance of the immunological compound as the median and the interquartile range (IQR). #Chi-squared or Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate differences in prevalence of the analyzed parameters. ‡Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to evaluate differences in concentration of the analyzed parameters. Bold font indicates values having differences that are statistically significant.