Table 3.
Biological functions of histone citrullination.
| Histone | PAD isozyme | Physiological or pathological roles | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linker H1Cit54 | PAD4 | impairs binding to nucleosomal DNA | (130, 131) |
| chromatin decondensation in pluripotent stem cells | |||
| H2ACit3 | PAD4 | occurs in calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated neutrophils | (77, 132) |
| H3Cit2,8,17 | PAD1 | facilitates early embryo genome transactivation | (133) |
| H3Cit2,8,17 | PAD2 | regulates lactation associated genes during diestrus in mammary epithelial cells | (69) |
| H3Cit2,8,17 | PAD4 | neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and NETosis | (134, 135) |
| H3Cit8 | PAD4 | transcriptional repression of cytokines genes and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) via heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α) | (136) |
| H3Cit26 | PAD2 | chromatin decondensation and transcriptional activation of estrogen receptor (ER) α-regulated gene | (68) |
| potential prognostic biomarker for ER positive (ER+) breast cancer | (137) | ||
| H4Cit3 | PAD4 | facilitates early embryo genome transactivation | (133) |
| regulates p53 pathway in apoptosis and in carcinogenesis | (81) | ||
| neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and NETosis | (12–14, 134) |
H, histone; Cit, citrullination; PAD, peptidylarginine deiminase.