Table 1.

Immune response to the novel coronaviruses SARS COV-2

Immune Response	Mechanism of Action	Reference
Innate immune response	Decrease in Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils Decrease of absolute number of NK cells	(Qin et al. 2020)
Adaptive immune response	Low percentage and count in T CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ Increase of Naïve T cells Decrease of memory T cells Decrease of Naïve B cells Increase of plasma cells in peripheral blood Positive virus-specific IgG and IgM	(Li et al. 2020) (Liu et al. 2020) (Qin et al. 2020) (Tan et al. 2021) (Wen et al. 2020)
Inflammatory cytokine reaction	High plasma concentration of IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, basic FGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PDGF, TNFα, and VEGF Higher plasma concentration of IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, G-CSF, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and TNFα in ICU patients	(Huang 2020)

Abbreviation: SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-1ra,

Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; IL-2, interleukin 2; IL-7, interleukin 7; IL-8, interleukin 8; IL-9, interleukin 9; IL-10, interleukin 10; IL-17, interleukin 17; basic FGF, Basic fibroblast growth factor; G-CSF, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; IP-10, IFN-γ-induced protein 10; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor α; MIP-1α, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α; MIP-1β, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1β; PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor