. 2021 Jun 14;22:396. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05346-x

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies

Author, publication year	Country, recruitment setting	Recruitment length, strategy used	Intervention length, outcome measures	Proportion of people for each multimorbidity condition, population characteristics
Gary et al. [32]	USA University clinic	18 months Direct and indirect approach^a,b	12 weeks PF, HRQoL, DEP	KOA 68%, HYP 88%, T2DM 31%, DEP 44%, HF 100%, COPD 34% 32 people, mean age 68 years, 100% female, mean BMI 33.5
Koukouvou et al. [33]	Greece Hospital	2 months Direct and indirect approach^a,b	26 weeks HRQoL, DEP, ANX	HYP 12%, DEP 100%, HF 100% 26 people, mean age 52 years, 0% female, mean BMI 28.1
Kulcu et al. [34]	Turkey University school	n/a	8 weeks HRQoL, DEP, ANX	DEP 100%, HF 100% 53 people, mean age 59 years, 27% female, n/a
Gary et al. [35]	USA Outpatient clinic	14 months Direct and indirect approach^a,b	12 weeks PF, HRQoL, DEP	HYP 88%, T2DM 32%, DEP 100%, HF 100% 74 people, mean age 65.8 years, 57% female, n/a
Asa et al. [36]	Sweden n/a	n/a	8 weeks PF, HRQoL, DEP, ANX	T2DM 100%, HF 100% 20 people, mean age 67.4 years, 20% female, mean BMI 29
Blumenthal et al. [37] (UPBEAT)	USA Outpatient clinics	53 months Direct and indirect approach^a,b	16 weeks DEP	HYP 19%, DEP 100%, HF 100%, 101 people, mean age 63.9 years, 32% female, mean BMI 31
Blumenthal et al. [38] (HF-ACTION)	USA, Canada, France 82 medical centres	47 months Direct approach^a	12 weeks DEP	HYP 61%, DM* 10%, DEP 100%, HF 100% 653 people, mean age 56 years, 92% female, mean BMI 31.5
Gary et al. [39]	USA Outpatient clinic	6 months Indirect approach^b	12 weeks PF, HRQoL, DEP	HYP 50%, T2DM 50%, DEP 70%, HF 100% 24 people, mean age 60 years, 50% female, mean BMI 34
Oerkild et al. [40]	Denmark Rehabilitation unit	19 months Direct and indirect approach^a,b	12 weeks PF, HRQoL, DEP, ANX	HYP 73%, T2DM 23%, DEP 18%, HF 100%, COPD 28% 40 people, mean age 76.9 years, 43% female, mean BMI 27
Leung et al. [41]	Australia Hospital	41 months Direct approach^a	12 weeks PF, HRQoL, DEP, ANX	KOA 60%, HYP 55%, T2DM 19% IHD 33%, COPD 100% 42 people, mean age 73 years, 36% female, mean BMI 27.4
Nolte et al. [42] and Edelmann et al. [43] (Ex-DHF-P)	Germany 3 University hospitals	7 months n/a	12 weeks PF, HRQoL, DEP	HYP 82%, T2DM 14%, DEP 64%, HF 100% 67 people, mean age 65 years, 56% female, mean BMI 31
Keihani et al. [44]	Iran n/a	n/a	8 weeks PF, DEP, ANX	DEP 100%, HF 100% 65 people, mean age 61.2 years, 40% female, mean BMI 26.1
Pibernik-Okanovic et al. [45]	Croatia Hospital	19 months Indirect approach^b	6 weeks HRQoL, DEP	T2DM 100%, DEP 100% 209 people, mean age 58.1 years, 54% female, mean BMI 30
Schneider et al. [46]	USA University school	21 months Direct and indirect approach^a,b	12 weeks DEP	T2DM 100%, DEP 100% 29 people, mean age 53.4, 100% female, mean BMI 34.6
Hinrichs et al. [47] (Homefit)	Germany General practices	14 months Direct and indirect approach^a,b	12 weeks PF, HRQoL	KOA 60%, HOA 46%, HYP 90%, T2DM 40%, HF 33%, IHD 29%, COPD 22% 209 people, mean age 79.8 years, 74% female, mean BMI 30.7
Bernocchi et al. [48]	Italy Hospital	15 months Direct approach^a	16 weeks PF, HRQoL	HF 100%, COPD 100% 112 people, mean age 70.5 years, 18% female, mean BMI 28.1
Abdelbasset et al. [49]	Saudi Arabia University hospital	4 months Direct approach^a	6 weeks DEP	HYP 20%, DEP 100%, HF 100% 69 people, mean age 52.7 years, 28% female, mean BMI 30
de Groot et al. [50] (ACTIVE II)	USA Medical practices	48 months Direct and indirect approach^a,b	12 weeks PF, HRQoL, DEP	T2DM 100%, DEP 100% 140 people, n/a
Leung et al. [51]	Hong Kong Outpatient clinic	3 months Direct approach^a	12 weeks PF, HRQoL	HYP 100%, T2DM 96% 54 people, mean age 64 years, 48% female, mean BMI 27.3
Rodriguez-Manas et al. [52] (MID-Frail)	Europe (7 countries) 74 study sites	15 months Direct approach^a	18 weeks PF, HRQoL	HYP 87%, T2DM 100%, HF 9% 964 people, mean age 78 years, 49% female, mean BMI 29.6
Soliman et al. [53]	Saudi Arabia n/a	5 months n/a	12 weeks DEP	DEP 100%, COPD 100% 34 people, mean age 69.7 years, 44% female, mean BMI 26.8
Gretebeck et al. [54]	USA Community centres	n/a Direct and indirect approach^a,b	10 weeks PF	A* 36%, HYP 83%, T2DM 100% 111 people, mean age 70.5 years, 61% female, mean BMI 32.7
Campo et al. [55]	Italy Hospital	15 months Direct approach^a	24 weeks PF, HRQoL, DEP, ANX	HYP 86%, T2DM 30%, HF 100% 235 people, mean age 76.5 years, 23% female, mean BMI 27

Author, publication year

Country, recruitment setting

Recruitment length, strategy used

Intervention length, outcome measures

Proportion of people for each multimorbidity condition, population characteristics

Gary et al. [32]

USA

University clinic

18 months

Direct and indirect approach^a,b

12 weeks

PF, HRQoL, DEP

KOA 68%, HYP 88%, T2DM 31%, DEP 44%, HF 100%, COPD 34%

32 people, mean age 68 years, 100% female, mean BMI 33.5

Koukouvou et al. [33]

Greece

Hospital

2 months

Direct and indirect approach^a,b

26 weeks

HRQoL, DEP, ANX

HYP 12%, DEP 100%, HF 100%

26 people, mean age 52 years, 0% female, mean BMI 28.1

Kulcu et al. [34]

Turkey

University school

n/a

8 weeks

HRQoL, DEP, ANX

DEP 100%, HF 100%

53 people, mean age 59 years, 27% female, n/a

Gary et al. [35]

USA

Outpatient clinic

14 months

Direct and indirect approach^a,b

12 weeks

PF, HRQoL, DEP

HYP 88%, T2DM 32%, DEP 100%, HF 100%

74 people, mean age 65.8 years, 57% female, n/a

Asa et al. [36]

Sweden

n/a

8 weeks

PF, HRQoL, DEP, ANX

T2DM 100%, HF 100%

20 people, mean age 67.4 years, 20% female, mean BMI 29

Blumenthal et al. [37] (UPBEAT)

USA

Outpatient clinics

53 months

Direct and indirect approach^a,b

16 weeks

DEP

HYP 19%, DEP 100%, HF 100%,

101 people, mean age 63.9 years, 32% female, mean BMI 31

Blumenthal et al. [38] (HF-ACTION)

USA, Canada, France

82 medical centres

47 months

Direct approach^a

12 weeks

DEP

HYP 61%, DM* 10%, DEP 100%, HF 100%

653 people, mean age 56 years, 92% female, mean BMI 31.5

Gary et al. [39]

USA

Outpatient clinic

6 months

Indirect approach^b

12 weeks

PF, HRQoL, DEP

HYP 50%, T2DM 50%, DEP 70%, HF 100%

24 people, mean age 60 years, 50% female, mean BMI 34

Oerkild et al. [40]

Denmark

Rehabilitation unit

19 months

Direct and indirect approach^a,b

12 weeks

PF, HRQoL, DEP, ANX

HYP 73%, T2DM 23%, DEP 18%, HF 100%, COPD 28%

40 people, mean age 76.9 years, 43% female, mean BMI 27

Leung et al. [41]

Australia

Hospital

41 months

Direct approach^a

12 weeks

PF, HRQoL, DEP, ANX

KOA 60%, HYP 55%, T2DM 19% IHD 33%, COPD 100%

42 people, mean age 73 years, 36% female, mean BMI 27.4

Nolte et al. [42] and Edelmann et al. [43] (Ex-DHF-P)

Germany

3 University hospitals

7 months

n/a

12 weeks

PF, HRQoL, DEP

HYP 82%, T2DM 14%, DEP 64%, HF 100%

67 people, mean age 65 years, 56% female, mean BMI 31

Keihani et al. [44]

Iran

n/a

8 weeks

PF, DEP, ANX

DEP 100%, HF 100%

65 people, mean age 61.2 years, 40% female, mean BMI 26.1

Pibernik-Okanovic et al. [45]

Croatia

Hospital

19 months

Indirect approach^b

6 weeks

HRQoL, DEP

T2DM 100%, DEP 100%

209 people, mean age 58.1 years, 54% female, mean BMI 30

Schneider et al.

[46]

USA

University school

21 months

Direct and indirect approach^a,b

12 weeks

DEP

T2DM 100%, DEP 100%

29 people, mean age 53.4, 100% female, mean BMI 34.6

Hinrichs et al. [47] (Homefit)

Germany

General practices

14 months

Direct and indirect approach^a,b

12 weeks

PF, HRQoL

KOA 60%, HOA 46%, HYP 90%, T2DM 40%, HF 33%, IHD 29%, COPD 22%

209 people, mean age 79.8 years, 74% female, mean BMI 30.7

Bernocchi et al. [48]

Italy

Hospital

15 months

Direct approach^a

16 weeks

PF, HRQoL

HF 100%, COPD 100%

112 people, mean age 70.5 years, 18% female, mean BMI 28.1

Abdelbasset et al. [49]

Saudi Arabia

University hospital

4 months

Direct approach^a

6 weeks

DEP

HYP 20%, DEP 100%, HF 100%

69 people, mean age 52.7 years, 28% female, mean BMI 30

de Groot et al. [50] (ACTIVE II)

USA

Medical practices

48 months

Direct and indirect approach^a,b

12 weeks

PF, HRQoL, DEP

T2DM 100%, DEP 100%

140 people, n/a

Leung et al. [51]

Hong Kong

Outpatient clinic

3 months

Direct approach^a

12 weeks

PF, HRQoL

HYP 100%, T2DM 96%

54 people, mean age 64 years, 48% female, mean BMI 27.3

Rodriguez-Manas et al. [52] (MID-Frail)

Europe (7 countries)

74 study sites

15 months

Direct approach^a

18 weeks

PF, HRQoL

HYP 87%, T2DM 100%, HF 9%

964 people, mean age 78 years, 49% female, mean BMI 29.6

Soliman et al. [53]

Saudi Arabia

n/a

5 months

n/a

12 weeks

DEP

DEP 100%, COPD 100%

34 people, mean age 69.7 years, 44% female, mean BMI 26.8

Gretebeck et al. [54]

USA

Community centres

n/a

Direct and indirect approach^a,b

10 weeks

A* 36%, HYP 83%, T2DM 100%

111 people, mean age 70.5 years, 61% female, mean BMI 32.7

Campo et al. [55]

Italy

Hospital

15 months

Direct approach^a

24 weeks

PF, HRQoL, DEP, ANX

HYP 86%, T2DM 30%, HF 100%

235 people, mean age 76.5 years, 23% female, mean BMI 27

^aDirect approach (potential people approached individually), ^bindirect approach (potential people approached e.g. via news advertisement or flyers), DM* diabetes mellitus, not specified if type 1 or 2; A* arthritis, not specified which form (e.g. osteoarthritis); DEP depression symptoms, HF heart failure, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, KOA knee osteoarthritis, HOA hip osteoarthritis, IHD ischemic heart disease, BMI body mass index (kg/m²), PF physical function, HRQoL health-related quality of life, ANX anxiety symptoms, n/a not applicable