Table 1.

Therapeutic modulators of autophagy.

Modulators	Name/Source	Function	Ref
A769662	Direct AMPK activator	Induces AMPK-mediated autophagy and clearance of α-synuclein in neurons	100
AUTEN-67	Autophagy enhancer-67	Induces autophagy by modulating MTORC1 in AD	101
CysC	Cystatin C	Induces autophagy by manipulating AMPK-MTORC1 axis and inhibits aggregation of Aβ	102
Digoxin	Natural compound	Induces autophagy in a TFEB-dependent fashion	103
GSK621	Specific AMPK agonist	Induces AMPK-mediated autophagy and clearance of α-synuclein in neurons	100
Latrepirdine	Pharmaceutical compound	Induces autophagy in MTORC1-dependent manner, ameliorates yeast model of AD, and upregulates ATG5	104,105
Metformin	N,N-dimethylbiguanide	Exerts neuroprotection and reduces cognitive decline via AMPK-mediated autophagy	106
MSL	Synthetic autophagy upregulator	Activates calcineurin, leading to dephosphorylation of TFEB that translocates to nucleus and upregulate ATG genes, and blocks neurodegeneration inflammation	107
Resveratrol	Found in peanuts, red grapes, and blueberries	Enhances degradation of α-synuclein in in vivo models of PD via inducing AMPK-SIRT1-mediated autophagy	108
RSVA314 and RSVA405	Synthetic molecules	Activate CAMKK2-AMPK axis, leading to autophagy induction and Aβ clearance	109

Abbreviations: TFEB (transcription factor EB), SIRT1 (sirtuin 1)