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. 2021 Jun 14;18:48. doi: 10.1186/s12970-021-00451-3

Table 4.

Pre-exercise and exercise cardiorespiratory variables in taekwondo athletes before and after supplementation

BA ALK
Mean ± SD 95% CI Mean ± SD 95% CI
V̇EPre-EX (L∙min−1) Before 14.0 ± 2.5 12.1 - 16.0 14.1 ± 2.0 12.6 - 15.7
After 13.9 ± 2.8 11.7 - 16.0 15.9 ± 2.8 13.7 - 18.0
HRPre-EX (bpm) Before 83 ± 13 73 - 93 80 ± 13 70 - 90
After 83 ± 12 73 - 92 85 ± 13 75 - 95
V̇O2Pre-EX (L∙min−1) Before 0.49 ± 0.09 0.42 - 0.56 0.47 ± 0.07 0.42 - 0.53
After 0.48 ± 0.07 0.43 - 0.54 0.56 ± 0.11 0.47 - 0.65
RERPre-EX Before 0.79 ± 0.04 0.76 - 0.83 0.83 ± 0.05 0.79 - 0.87
After 0.81 ± 0.08 0.75 - 0.88 0.81 ± 0.08 0.75 - 0.86
V̇EVT (L∙min−1) Before 68.7 ± 20.5 53.0 - 84.5 67.1 ± 19.7 52.0 - 82.3
After 65.9 ± 17.5 52.4 - 79.4 68.0 ± 17.8 54.2 - 81.7
HRVT (bpm) Before 161 ± 15 150 - 173 158 ± 15 147 - 170
After 159 ± 15 148 - 171 161 ± 18 147 - 174
V̇O2VT (L∙min−1) Before 2.55 ± 0.68 2.03 - 3.08 2.59 ± 0.70 2.05 - 3.13
After 2.56 ± 0.58 2.11 - 3.01 2.64 ± 0.59 2.18 - 3.09
RERVT Before 0.90 ± 0.05 0.86 - 0.94 0.91 ± 0.04 0.88 - 0.95
After 0.89 ± 0.08 0.83 - 0.96 0.89 ± 0.05 0.85 - 0.93
V̇Emax (L∙min−1) Before 129 ± 30 106 - 152 129 ± 31 106 - 153
After 127 ± 31 104 - 151 129 ± 30 106 - 152
HRmax (bpm) Before 189 ± 14 178 - 200 192 ± 11 183 - 200
After 193 ± 12 184 - 202 193 ± 10 186 - 201
V̇O2max (L∙min−1) Before 3.64 ± 0.84 2.99 - 4.29 3.54 ± 0.77 2.95 - 4.14
After 3.66 ± 0.82 3.03 - 4.29 3.68 ± 0.86 3.02 - 4.33
RERmax Before 1.10 ± 0.05 1.06 - 1.13 1.10 ± 0.03 1.07 - 1.13
After 1.06 ± 0.07 1.01 - 1.11 1.09 ± 0.06 1.05 - 1.14

Data are the means ± standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Abbreviations: After after supplementation; ALK multi-ingredient extra-cellular buffering supplement, combined with branched-chain amino acids and creatine malate; BA multi-ingredient intra-cellular buffering supplement, combined with branched-chain amino acids and creatine malate; Before before supplementation; HR heart rate; max maximum values; Pre-EX pre-exercise values; RER respiratory exchange ratio; V̇E minute ventilation; V̇O2 oxygen uptake; VT ventilatory threshold. No significant differences reported (p > 0.05).