. 2021 Jun 14;18:48. doi: 10.1186/s12970-021-00451-3

Table 5.

The level of exercise blood biomarkers and hematological parameters in taekwondo athletes before and after supplementation (pre-exercise, maximum, and recovery values)

			BA						ALK
			Mean	±	SD	95% CI			Mean	±	SD	95% CI
LA_Pre-EX	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	1.07	±	0.19	0.92	-	1.21	1.18	±	0.27	0.97	-	1.39
LA_Pre-EX	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	After	1.13	±	0.26	0.93	-	1.33	1.10	±	0.30	0.88	-	1.33
LA_max	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	10.9	±	1.6	9.7	-	12.1	10.9	±	2.1	9.3	-	12.5
LA_max	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	After	10.2	±	1.4	9.1	-	11.3	10.7	±	1.9	9.2	-	12.2
LA_R5	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	10.33	±	1.64	9.07	-	11.59	9.99	±	1.50	8.83	-	11.14
LA_R5	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	After	9.57	±	1.65	8.31	-	10.84	9.60	±	1.55	8.41	-	10.79
LA_R20	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	6.37	±	1.77	5.01	-	7.73	6.27	±	1.66	4.99	-	7.54
LA_R20	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	After	5.80	±	1.44	4.69	-	6.90	5.91	±	1.60	4.68	-	7.14
LA_R30	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	4.63	±	1.58	3.42	-	5.85	4.21	±	1.51	3.05	-	5.36
LA_R30	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	After	4.13	±	1.19	3.21	-	5.04	3.93	±	1.33	2.91	-	4.96
NH_3Pre-EX	(μmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	22.7	±	1.9	21.2	-	24.1	22.6	±	2.3	20.8	-	24.3
NH_3Pre-EX	(μmol∙L⁻¹)	After	20.8	±	1.9*	19.4	-	22.2	21.6	±	2.4	19.7	-	23.4
NH_3max	(μmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	80.3	±	10.6	72.2	-	88.5	81.4	±	8.7	74.8	-	88.1
NH_3max	(μmol∙L⁻¹)	After	72.4	±	10.2**	64.6	-	80.3	74.2	±	8.9 ***	67.4	-	81.0
NH_3R5	(μmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	66.4	±	15.9	54.2	-	78.7	69.2	±	11.4	60.4	-	78.0
NH_3R5	(μmol∙L⁻¹)	After	61.1	±	17.8	47.4	-	74.8	61.8	±	8.7	55.1	-	68.5
NH_3R20	(μmol L⁻¹)	Before	48.2	±	11.5	39.4	-	57.1	48.8	±	6.8	43.6	-	54.0
NH_3R20	(μmol L⁻¹)	After	43.9	±	12.4	34.3	-	53.4	44.4	±	6.3	39.6	-	49.3
NH_3R30	(μmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	38.8	±	6.5	33.8	-	43.8	37.8	±	4.4	34.4	-	41.1
NH_3R30	(μmol∙L⁻¹)	After	34.8	±	8.5	28.2	-	41.3	33.6	±	4.6	30.0	-	37.1
WBC_Pre-EX	(x10⁹∙L⁻¹)	Before	5.88	±	1.32	4.86	-	6.89	5.76	±	0.98	5.00	-	6.51
WBC_Pre-EX	(x10⁹∙L⁻¹)	After	5.27	±	0.98	4.51	-	6.02	5.06	±	0.80	4.44	-	5.67
Lym_Pre-EX	(x10⁹∙L⁻¹)	Before	1.74	±	0.24	1.56	-	1.93	1.76	±	0.36	1.48	-	2.03
Lym_Pre-EX	(x10⁹∙L⁻¹)	After	1.91	±	0.19	1.77	-	2.06	1.86	±	0.40	1.55	-	2.17
Mon_Pre-EX	(x10⁹∙L⁻¹)	Before	0.30	±	0.10	0.22	-	0.38	0.41	±	0.15	0.30	-	0.52
Mon_Pre-EX	(x10⁹∙L⁻¹)	After	0.38	±	0.15	0.26	-	0.49	0.39	±	0.13	0.29	-	0.49
Gra_Pre-EX	(x10⁹∙L⁻¹)	Before	3.81	±	1.28	2.83	-	4.79	3.60	±	0.79	2.99	-	4.21
Gra_Pre-EX	(x10⁹∙L⁻¹)	After	2.98	±	0.82	2.35	-	3.60	2.81	±	0.58	2.37	-	3.26
RBC_Pre-EX	(x10¹²∙L⁻¹)	Before	4.68	±	0.50	4.29	-	5.06	4.96	±	0.53	4.55	-	5.38
RBC_Pre-EX	(x10¹²∙L⁻¹)	After	4.60	±	0.39	4.30	-	4.90	4.65	±	0.38	4.36	-	4.95
Hb_Pre-EX	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	Before	8.60	±	0.86	7.94	-	9.27	8.78	±	0.64	8.28	-	9.27
Hb_Pre-EX	(mmol∙L⁻¹)	After	8.47	±	0.84	7.83	-	9.12	8.36	±	0.43	8.03	-	8.69
Ht_Pre-EX	(L∙L⁻¹)	Before	0.40	±	0.04	0.37	-	0.43	0.41	±	0.03	0.39	-	0.44
Ht_Pre-EX	(L∙L⁻¹)	After	0.40	±	0.03	0.37	-	0.42	0.39	±	0.02	0.38	-	0.41

Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). *,**,***: significant difference between “Before” and “After” values (* p=0.006, ** p= 0.013, *** p=0.027). Abbreviations: After after supplementation; ALK multi-ingredient extra-cellular buffering supplement, combined with branched-chain amino acids and creatine malate; BA multi-ingredient intra-cellular buffering supplement, combined with branched-chain amino acids and creatine malate; Before before supplementation; Gra granulocytes; Hb hemoglobin; Ht hematocrit; LA lactate; Lym lymphocytes; Mon monocytes; NH₃ ammonia; Pre-EX pre-exercise values; R post-exercise recovery period (5, 20, 30 = minute of recovery); RBC red blood cells; TCM creatine malate; WBC white blood cells