Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics by SARS-CoV-2 Status and Adequacy of Antibacterial Empiric Therapy
| SARS-CoV-2 Tested | SARS-CoV-2 Positive | SARS-CoV-2 Negative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | AET | IET | P Valuea | Subtotal | AET | IET | P Valuea | Subtotal | AET | IET | P Valuea | |
| Pathogen or Characteristic | No. (% of Column) | No. (% of Row) | No. (% of Row) | No. (% of Column) | No. (% of Row) | No. (% of Row) | No. (% of Column) | No. (% of Row) | No. (% of Row) | |||
| All | 39 203 (100.0) | 21 908 (55.9) | 17 295 (44.1) | 3674 (100.0) | 1922 (52.3) | 1752 (47.7) | 35 529 (100.0) | 19 986 (56.3) | 15 543 (43.8) | |||
| Age group, y | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| <56 (Q1) | 9984 (25.5) | 4997 (50.1) | 4987 (50.0) | 835 (22.7) | 401 (48.0) | 434 (52.0) | 9149 (25.8) | 4596 (50.2) | 4553 (49.8) | |||
| 56–68 (median) | 9822 (25.1) | 5183 (52.8) | 4639 (47.2) | 959 (26.1) | 458 (47.8) | 501 (52.2) | 8863 (24.9) | 4725 (53.3) | 4138 (46.7) | |||
| 68–79 (Q3) | 10 149 (25.9) | 5908 (58.2) | 4241 (41.8) | 980 (26.7) | 532 (54.3) | 448 (45.7) | 9 169 (25.8) | 5376 (58.6) | 3793 (41.4) | |||
| >79 | 9248 (23.6) | 5820 (62.9) | 3428 (37.1) | 900 (24.5) | 531 (59.0) | 369 (41.0) | 8348 (23.5) | 5289 (63.4) | 3059 (36.6) | |||
| Sex | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Female | 21 072 (53.8) | 12 718 (60.4) | 8354 (39.7) | 2002 (54.5) | 1137 (56.8) | 865 (43.2) | 19 070 (53.7) | 11 581 (60.7) | 7489 (39.3) | |||
| Male | 18 131 (46.2) | 9190 (50.7) | 8941 (49.3) | 1672 (45.5) | 785 (47.0) | 887 (53.1) | 16 459 (46.3) | 8405 (51.1) | 8054 (48.9) | |||
| ICU admission | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Yes | 11 221 (28.6) | 5839 (52.0) | 5382 (48.0) | 1590 (43.3) | 755 (47.5) | 835 (52.5) | 9631 (27.1) | 5084 (52.8) | 4547 (47.2) | |||
| No | 27 982 (71.4) | 16 069 (57.4) | 11 913 (42.6) | 2084 (56.7) | 1167 (56.0) | 917 (44.0) | 25 898 (72.9) | 14 902 (57.5) | 10 996 (42.5) | |||
| ICU or ventilator criteria met | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Yes | 11 679 (29.8) | 6029 (51.6) | 5650 (48.4) | 1740 (47.4) | 815 (46.8) | 925 (53.2) | 9939 (28.0) | 5214 (52.5) | 4725 (47.5) | |||
| No | 27 524 (70.2) | 15 879 (57.7) | 11 645 (42.3) | 1934 (52.6) | 1107 (57.2) | 827 (42.8) | 25 590 (72.0) | 14 772 (57.7) | 10 818 (42.3) | |||
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||||
| Liver dysfunction | 18221 (46.5) | 9759 (53.6) | 8462 (46.4) | <.0001 | 2196 (59.8) | 1079 (49.1) | 1117 (50.9) | <.0001 | 16 025 (45.1) | 8680 (54.2) | 7345 (45.8) | <.0001 |
| Diabetes | 16 960 (43.3) | 8928 (52.6) | 8032 (47.4) | <.0001 | 2024 (55.1) | 1019 (50.4) | 1005 (49.7) | .0082 | 14 936 (42.0) | 7909 (53.0) | 7027 (47.1) | <.0001 |
| Heart failure or myocardial inflammation | 13 898 (35.5) | 7602 (54.7) | 6296 (45.3) | .0005 | 1697 (46.2) | 837 (49.3) | 860 (50.7) | .0008 | 12 201 (34.3) | 6765 (55.5) | 5436 (44.6) | .0267 |
| Sepsis | 12 838 (32.7) | 7246 (56.4) | 5592 (43.6) | .1203 | 1408 (38.3) | 704 (50.0) | 704 (50.0) | .0269 | 11 430 (32.2) | 6542 (57.2) | 4888 (42.8) | .0101 |
| Renal insufficiency or failure | 11 145 (28.4) | 5878 (52.7) | 5267 (47.3) | <.0001 | 1371 (37.3) | 675 (49.2) | 696 (50.8) | .0039 | 9774 (27.5) | 5203 (53.2) | 4571 (46.8) | <.0001 |
| Cytokine stimulation | 6959 (17.8) | 3555 (51.1) | 3404 (48.9) | <.0001 | 1465 (39.9) | 710 (48.5) | 755 (51.5) | .0001 | 5494 (15.5) | 2845 (51.8) | 2649 (48.2) | <.0001 |
| Presence of any of the 6 specified comorbidities | <.0001 | .0059 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Yes | 32 818 (83.7) | 18 075 (55.1) | 14 743 (44.9) | 3361 (91.5) | 1735 (51.6) | 1626 (48.4) | 29 457 (82.9) | 16 340 (55.5) | 13 117 (44.5) | |||
| No | 6385 (16.3) | 3833 (60.0) | 2552 (40.0) | 313 (8.5) | 187 (59.7) | 126 (40.3) | 6072 (17.1) | 3646 (60.1) | 2426 (40.0) | |||
| SARS-CoV-2 test result | <.0001 | N/A | N/A | |||||||||
| Positive | 3674 (9.4) | 1922 (52.3) | 1752 (47.7) | 3674 (100.0) | 1922 (52.3) | 1752 (47.7) | ||||||
| Negative | 35 529 (90.6) | 19 986 (56.3) | 15 543 (43.8) | 35 529 (100.0) | 19 986 (56.3) | 15 543 (43.8) | ||||||
| Bacteria | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Gram-positive | 10 039 (25.6) | 3506 (34.9) | 6533 (65.1) | 942 (25.6) | 288 (30.6) | 654 (69.4) | 9097 (25.6) | 3218 (35.4) | 5879 (64.6) | |||
| Gram-negative | 29 164 (74.4) | 18 402 (63.1) | 10 762 (36.9) | 2732 (74.4) | 1634 (59.8) | 1098 (40.2) | 26 432 (74.4) | 16 768 (63.4) | 9664 (36.6) | |||
| Polymicrobial findings | <.0001 | .0008 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Yes | 7606 (19.4) | 3646 (47.9) | 3960 (52.1) | 731 (19.9) | 342 (46.8) | 389 (53.2) | 6875 (19.4) | 3304 (48.1) | 3571 (51.9) | |||
| No | 31 597 (80.6) | 18 262 (57.8) | 13 335 (42.2) | 2 943 (80.1) | 1580 (53.7) | 1363 (46.3) | 28 654 (80.6) | 16 682 (58.2) | 11 972 (41.8) | |||
| Bacteria source | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Respiratory | 5620 (14.3) | 1975 (35.1) | 3645 (64.9) | 1108 (30.2) | 398 (35.9) | 710 (64.1) | 4512 (12.7) | 1577 (35.0) | 2935 (65.1) | |||
| Nonrespiratory | 33 583 (85.7) | 19 933 (59.4) | 13 650 (40.7) | 2566 (69.8) | 1524 (59.4) | 1042 (40.6) | 31 017 (87.3) | 18 409 (59.4) | 12 608 (40.7) | |||
| Positive Candida albicans test | <.0001 | 0.0021 | <.0001 | |||||||||
| Yes | 829 (2.1) | 321 (38.7) | 508 (61.3) | 152 (4.1) | 61 (40.1) | 91 (59.9) | 677 (1.9) | 260 (38.4) | 417 (61.6) | |||
| No | 38 374 (97.9) | 21 587 (56.3) | 16 787 (43.8) | 3522 (95.9) | 1861 (52.8) | 1661 (47.2) | 34 852 (98.1) | 19 726 (56.6) | 15 126 (43.4) | |||
Abbreviations: AET, adequate empiric therapy; ICU, intensive care unit; IET, inadequate empiric therapy; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
a P values indicate differences in distribution based on AET/IET status.