Table 1.
Distribution of maternal-reported negative intergroup contact level by study covariates, stratified by ethnic minority status.a
| Negative Intergroup Contact |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Dutch (N=1,607) |
Dutch (N=2,418) |
|||||
| n (Percent) | Mean (95% CI) | p-value | n (Percent) | Mean (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Mother’s Ethnicity | ||||||
| Dutch | 2,418 (100.0) | 2.79 (2.7, 2.9) | -- | |||
| Caribbean | 358 (22.3) | 2.71 (2.4, 3.1) | -- | |||
| Middle Eastern | 416 (25.9) | 3.50 (3.2, 3.8) | 0.001 | |||
| African | 164 (10.2) | 2.48 (2.0, 3.0) | 0.4 | |||
| Asian | 251 (15.6) | 1.99 (1.6, 2.4) | 0.006 | |||
| Other European | 351 (21.8) | 1.46 (1.2, 1.7) | <0.001 | |||
| Other | 67 (4.2) | 1.55 (0.8, 2.3) | 0.006 | |||
| Child’s Gender | ||||||
| Female | 817 (50.8) | 2.49 (2.3, 2.7) | 0.7 | 1,183 (48.9) | 2.8 (2.6, 3.0) 0.7 | |
| Male | 790 (49.2) | 2.42 (2.2, 2.7) | 1,235 (51.1) | 2.8 (2.6, 2.9) | ||
| Advanced Maternal Age at Child’s Birth | ||||||
| 35 Years or Older | 296 (18.4) | 2.11 (1.8, 2.5) | 0.04 | 586 (24.2) | 2.8 (2.5, 3.0) | 0.8 |
| Younger than 35 Years | 1,311 (81.6) | 2.54 (2.4, 2.7) | 1,832 (75.8) | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | ||
| Maternal Education | ||||||
| Low | 935 (59.7) | 3.86 (3.3, 4.4) | <0.001 | 730 (30.3) | 4.2 (3.7, 4.7) | <0.001 |
| High | 632 (40.3) | 2.90 (2.0, 3.8) | 1,677 (69.7) | 3.4 (2.6, 4.2) | ||
| Monthly Family Income at 3y | ||||||
| ≥ €4,000 | 455 (39.4) | 3.37 (3.1, 3.6) | -- | 257 (12.5) | 3.5 (3.2, 3.9) | -- |
| €2,000-€3,999 | 497 (43.1) | 2.11 (1.5, 2.8) | <0.001 | 1,012 (49.1) | 2.9 (2.1, 3.6) | 0.002 |
| < €2,000 | 202 (17.5) | 1.15 (0.4, 1.3) | <0.001 | 793 (38.5) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.3) | <0.001 |
| Maternal Depression in Pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 1,221 (87.5) | 2.78 (2.1, 2.5) | <0.001 | 2,098 (95.8) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.9) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 175 (12.5) | 3.67 (3.0, 4.3) | 93 (4.2) | 4.1 (3.3, 4.8) | ||
| Mother’s Dutch Citizenship History | ||||||
| Second Generation Citizen or Later | 568 (36.5) | 1.89 (1.6, 2.2) | <0.001 | 2,358 (98.2) | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 0.3 |
| First Generation Citizen | 989 (63.5) | 2.79 (2.2, 3.4) | 44 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.3, 3.3) | ||
| Mother’s Native Language | ||||||
| Non-Dutch | 875 (66.4) | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | <0.001 | 5 (0.2) | 2.8 (−0.7, 6.3) | 0.7 |
| Dutch | 442 (33.6) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.2) | 2,187 (99.8) | 2.5 (0.7, 4.3) | ||
a
ns are based on observed values and may vary due to missing data.
b
Mean negative intergroup contact levels and 95% CIs were calculated in multiple imputed data. p-values indicate unadjusted differences in negative intergroup contact levels by study covariates among non-Dutch and Dutch participants.