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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2021 Apr 20;277:113932. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113932

Table 3.

Fully adjusted, standardized associations between (a) maternal-reported ethnic discrimination, and (b) perceived out-group hostility, respectively, and child problem behavior scores averaged across the follow-up period, stratified by ethnic minority status.a, b

Child Problem Behaviors, Per 1-SD
Non-Dutch
(N=1,607)
 Dutch
(N=2,418)
B (95% CI) p-value B (95% CI) p-value
Ethnic Discrimination, Per 1-SD 0.10 (0.06, 0.14) <0.001 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) <0.001
Time −0.00 (−0.02, 0.01) 0.37 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) 0.58
Perceived Out-Group Hostility, Per 1-SD 0.06 (0.01, 0.11) 0.01 0.11 (0.08, 0.15) <0.001
Time −0.00 (−0.02, 0.01) 0.38 0.00 (0.08, 0.15) 0.57
a

Child problem behavior scores were standardized within ethnic groups at each time point over the follow-up period. Effect estimates should be interpreted as the standard deviation (SD) difference in CBCL scores across childhood associated with standard deviation higher exposure to each form of negative intergroup contact.

b

Fully adjusted model controlled for child’s age at baseline, sex, maternal ethnicity, advanced maternal age at child’s birth, maternal education, family income at age 3, mother’s Dutch citizenship history, and mother’s native language.