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. 2021 Jul;66:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.03.010

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© 2021 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — The biosynthetic pathways for bioactive GA₄, GA_7, and GA₃. Black arrows indicate GA-biosynthetic enzymes from F. fujikuroi (Gf), and grey arrows indicate GA-biosynthetic enzymes from A. thaliana (At). CPSp, copalyl disphosphate synthase. KSp, ent-kaurene synthase. CPS/KSp, bifunctional copalyl diphosphate synthase and ent-kaurene synthase. KOp, ent-kaurene oxidase. KAOp, ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase. C20oxp, GA carbon 20 oxidase. C3oxp, GA carbon 3 oxidase. P450-1p, P450-2p, P450-3p, cytochromes P450. DES, GA desaturase.