Table 4.

Crude and standardized effect of no treatment and definitive chemoradiation, compared to surgery, on 5-year mortality among nonmetastatic adult esophageal cancer cases, stratified by stage

	Crude		Standardized†
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
STAGE I
No treatment	3.67 (3.41, 3.95)	<0.0001	2.43 (2.19, 2.69)	<0.0001
Definitive chemoradiation	3.82 (3.59, 4.07)	<0.0001	3.19 (2.95, 3.44)	<0.0001
Surgery (with or without chemoradiation)	REF	–	REF	–
STAGE II
No treatment	3.96 (3.65, 4.30)	<0.0001	2.66 (2.29, 3.07)	<0.0001
Definitive chemoradiation	2.15 (2.07, 2.24)	<0.0001	1.80 (1.71, 1.89)	<0.0001
Surgery (with or without chemoradiation)	REF	–	REF	–
STAGE III
No treatment	5.03 (4.70, 5.38)	<0.0001	3.66 (3.24, 4.13)	<0.0001
Definitive chemoradiation	2.15 (2.08, 2.23)	<0.0001	1.92 (1.83, 2.02)	<0.0001
Surgery (with or without chemoradiation)	REF	–	REF	–

^†Standardized across clinical cancer stage, year of diagnosis, age (modeled as a restricted cubic spline), sex, Charlson-Deyo score, race, primary insurance, travel distance to hospital, median household income, and education

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.