Table 2.

Bivariable and Multivariable Associations Between Social Media Use and Sleep Disturbance.

Independent variables	Sleep disturbance
	OR (95% CI)	p  a	AORb (95% CI)	p  a
Social media use
Check 30 minutes before bed		.001		.007
Rarely	Ref		Ref
Sometimes	1.62 (1.17–2.25)		1.48 (1.06–2.08)
Often	1.69 (1.24–2.33)		1.62 (1.31–2.34)
Minutes per day		<.001		.02
Q1 (0–60)	Ref		Ref
Q2 (61–120)	1.72 (1.22–2.43)		1.52 (1.06–2.19)
Q3 (121+)	1.81 (1.33–2.47)		1.50 (1.06–2.15)
Covariate
Age, years		.009		.008
19–23	Ref		Ref
24–26	1.31 (0.93–1.85)		1.36 (0.93–1.99)
27–32	1.51 (1.11–2.06)		1.63 (1.14–2.34)
Sex
Female	Ref		Ref
Male	0.72 (0.55–0.94)		0.79 (0.60–1.04)
Race
White, non-Hispanic	Ref		Ref
Black, non-Hispanic	1.19 (0.77–1.85)		1.05 (0.64–1.71)
Hispanic	1.59 (1.10–2.29)		1.46 (0.995–2.14)
Otherc	1.53 (1.03–2.27)		1.59 (1.07–2.35)
Relationship status
Singled	Ref		Ref
Committed relationshipe	1.14 (0.87–1.49)		1.04 (0.70–1.54)
Living situation
Parent/guardian	Ref		Ref
Significant other	1.30 (0.94–1.78)		1.22 (0.78–1.90)
Otherf	1.01 (0.71–1.43)		0.93 (0.65–1.35)
Household income		.001		.002
Low (under $30,000)	Ref		Ref
Medium ($30,000–$74,999)	0.63 (0.44–0.90)		0.64 (0.44–0.93)
High ($75,000 and above)	0.52 (0.36–0.74)		0.54 (0.37–0.79)
Education level		.18		.67
High school or less	Ref		Ref
Some college	0.90 (0.65–1.26)		1.09 (0.77–1.54)
Bachelor’s degree or higher	0.79 (0.57–1.10)		0.88 (0.60–1.28)

AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.

^a  p value indicates significance level for test of overall linear trend of each ordered categorical variable. Significant effects shown in bold.

^bAdjusted for all other variables in the table.

^cMultiracial.

^dWidowed, divorced, and separated.

^eEngaged, married, and in a domestic partnership.

^fNot living with a parent/guardian or significant other.