Table 1.
Effect of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells on improving β-cell function
| Model | Source | Exosome | Route | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| STZ-induced | MenSCs | NG | In vivo Intravenously injection | Regenerate β islets through Pdx-1 dependent mechanism | [37] |
| hypoxia-induced | HucMSC | miR-21 | in vitro | Alleviate ER stress and inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation | [38] |
| STZ-induced | BMSCs | shFas and anti-miR-375 | In vitro | Downregulate Expression of Fas and miR-375 in Human Islets | [39] |
| STZ-induced | AD-MSCs | NG | In vivo intraperitoneal injection | increase regulatory T-cell population and their products | [40] |
| HFD and STZ | HucMSC | GLUT; PK and LDH etc. | In vivo Intravenously injection | decrease caspase3 | [9] |
| Isolated mouse islets | MSC | VEGF | In vitro | Activate PI3K/Akt pathway Decrease BAD and BAX Increase BCL-2 Downregulate BAX/BCL-2 | [41] |
STZ: streptozotocin; HFD: high-fat diet; HucMSCs: human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; MenSCs: menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; AD-MSCs: adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells; NG: not given; GLUT: glucose transporters; PK: pyruvate kinase; LDH: lactic dehydrogenase; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.